Geotextiles in Embankment Dams - Association of State Dam Safety ...

Geotextiles in Embankment Damstoe. The junction of the upstream slope with ground surface is called the heel or theupstream toe.Topsoil (ASTM D 653, 2005): Surface soil, usually containing organic matter.Toughness, Breaking T, (E/m),Jm -2 (Frobel, 1987): For geotextiles, the actualwork per unit surface area of material that is required to rupture the material. It isproportional to the area under the load-elongation curve from the origin to thebreaking point. Discussion: for geotextiles, breaking toughness is calculated fromwork-to-break divided by the width. Breaking toughness is expressed in Jm -2 (in.-lbf/in).Tow (Frobel, 1987): A large strand of continuous man-made fiber filamentswithout definite twist collected in loose, rope-like form, usually held together bycrimp. Tow is the form which most man-made fiber reaches before being cut intostaple. (See Staple Fiber.)Transmissivity (Frobel, 1987): For a geotextile, the volumetric flow rate per unitthickness under laminar flow conditions, in the in-plane direction of the fabric.Transverse crack: A crack that extends in an upstream and downstream directionwithin an embankment dam.Trench: A narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface ofthe ground.Turbulent flow (ASTM D-4439, 2004): n – that type of flow in which any waterparticle may move in any direction with respect to any other particle, and in whichthe head loss is approximately proportional to the second power of the velocity.Ultimate Elongation (Frobel, 1987): The elongation of a stretched specimen atthe time of break. Usually reported as percent of the original length. Also calledelongation at break.Ultimate Strength (Frobel, 1987): The maximum stress developed in a specimen.Ultraviolet Degradation (Frobel, 1987): Breakdown of polymeric structure whenexposed to ultraviolet light.Unconfined Compressive Strength (ASTM D 653, 2005): The load per unit areaat which an unconfined prismatic or cylindrical specimen of material will fail in asimple compression test without lateral support.Unified Soil Classification System (Frobel, 1987): A classification system basedon the identification of soils according to their particle size/gradation, soil generics,182