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R E A D I N G S O C I O - S P A T I A L I N T E R P L A Y P A R T 2ventilation) and daylight than the traditional urban block. The lamellar houserepresents modernist ideals of housing units as freestanding objects in anopen free space, in a contrast to the traditional urban tissue where thebuildings configure a more labyrinthine structure of more or less open, mixedand busy urban spaces defined by walls of buildings. The openness of theoutdoor spaces between lamellar buildings lets in more sun and wind, as wellas it gives more insight from outside into the areas surrounding the buildings– in contrast to the architecturally clearly defined borderlines between publicand shared use-rights in areas of both traditional urban blocks and openblocks.The lamellar house has in general between two and five floors, two ormore staircases (in principle no elevators), and between two and fourapartments per floor per staircase. 294 The first lamella blocks in Oslo (theRivertz complex, 1912 295 ) followed the geometry of a block/street-grid, butin contrast to the traditional apartment block, the entrances to the lamellarhouses are from internal streets that are laid out in the shared green openspaces between the buildings. As such there is no direct access from thebuildings to the public street. A shared private lawn belt buffers the directcontact between the façades and the public street space (in contrast to thesidewalks that stick along the street facades of the traditional urban apartmentbuilding). In principle, the lamellar block is to be part of a larger group ofsimilar buildings, and to be configured as an open spatial pattern integratedwith greenery. Usually the buildings are either placed in a parallel lamellaesystem perpendicular to the street space (cf. Kirkeveien, Marienlyst,Drammensveien, Sinsenbyen), in parallel with the street space (as in theRivertz complex, cf. also Finnmarksgata), or in freer patterns, which becamemuch more common after the 2 nd World War (cf. Keyserløkka, 1947;Lambertseter, 1950). The organization of lamellae buildings in freer pattersrepresented a departure from the binding to the network of public streets –and as such a passage towards the next architectural system.294 Taller buildings have elevators, and with elevators other kinds of organisational principles in relation tocorridors are usually introduced, in order to make the elevator serve more than 2-4 apartments per floor, and asa consequence the apartments no longer are screened or through-lit: then the building is no longer a lamellabuilding, but a slab block.295 The Rivertz’ complex consists of long, three storey apartment buildings, oriented north–south to obtain asmuch sunlight as possible into the apartments. The complex has street-like, open courtyards, gravel paths alongthe buildings and a stripe of greenery in the middle. With exception for the detailing, they are typicalfunctionalistic lamellar houses. In general lamellar blocks did not occur in Europe until much later. Theybegan to be more common in the 1930s. Rivertz’ typological invention can therefore be seen as a pioneerproject – also in a European context.160
R E A D I N G S O C I O - S P A T I A L I N T E R P L A Y P A R T 2THE 1950 – 1980 GENERAL PLAN GROWTH BELTPrimary elements and planning principles of the architectural systemAlready long before the General Plan of 1950 the existing maincommunication lines through Akersdalen, later named Groruddalen, can beconsidered primary elements that provided the rural valley with “transitcentrality”. As such the communication lines effected the whole developmentof the area. In contrast to other primary elements, such as the node inBjørvika or the medieval cathedral in Trondheim, primary elements 296 suchas the communication lines in Groruddalen, do not define gravitation centresor final destinations in the larger landscape, but transit zones related to theregional transport system. In my perspective the local development of an areais structurally related to the development of the urban landscape and itstransport system at large. The centrality of transit zones generates or attractsprograms serving other social categories of users than programs generated ina pure local context: both posting stations at ancient paths, roadside cafés, gasstations, cargo terminals and regional shopping centres are closely related tothe development of the transport system.Høybråten in Groruddalen: An agricultural landscape with old traffic arteries and woodensuburban developments by the railway station at Høybråten, 30 years before the satellite town ofFuruset was erected on the fields in the foreground. (Photo 1947, Oslo City Archives).296 Aldo Rossi would surely not have characterized the communication lines in Groruddalen as a primaryelement in the urban landscape of Oslo. He explicitly distinguished the circulation system from the discussionof primary elements. And it is probably also a stretch to describe these communication lines as a majorelement in the collective memory of Oslo. But, as physical manifestations of necessary conditions related toGroruddalens historical and current role in relation to the urban structure of Oslo, and also as tangible urbanstructural elements representing differences and dynamics of the Groruddalen-area in relation to the urbanstructure as a whole, the communication lines – just as the node is a primary element of central Oslo – should,as I see it, absolutely be defined as a primary element of Groruddalen.161
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CON • TEXTHilde HaslumReading Soc
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CON • TEXTTil Mikkel, Nora og Hau
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