DateLaboratory Testing of Portland Cement Concrete Patch Material ...

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sulfoaluminate-based admixtures, which are included in this study, work based on thesame principles as expansive cements, but the powdered admixture allows the dosage ofcalcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), which is required for the formation of the ettringite, to beadjusted in order to achieve the desired amount of expansion. Due to time and materialconstraints, only three CSA-based additives were selected for evaluation in this study:Denka CSA #20, Denka CSA 100R, and Komponent.Denka Corporation manufactures a variety of CSA-based expansive additives for cement,but the Denka CSA #20 and Denka CSA 100R products are most applicable to highwayconstruction projects. Both products claim to reduce shrinkage and the associatedcracking. Denka CSA #20 is a suitable product for multiple applications, includingconcrete pavement. Denka CSA 100R is primarily recommended for warm weatherconstruction projects, as it is composed of Denka CSA #20 with an added agent to reducethe heat of hydration.CTS Cement Manufacturing Corporation also manufactures a CSA-based expansiveadditive. This manufacturer claims that their additive, called Komponent, when added toregular Portland cement (approximately 100 lb/yd 3 ), produces a mixture similar to TypeK cement.3.3 Shrinkage Reducing AdmixtureCapillary pressure is the primary mechanism contributing to concrete shrinkage. Thewater loss occurring in the concrete results in the formation of menisci in the capillarypores. An internal negative pressure develops as the surface tension of the water pulls inon the walls of the pores and causes an overall compressive force on the skeleton of theconcrete. The liquid shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA’s) included in this researchstudy propose to lessen concrete shrinkage by acting chemically to reduce the surfacetension of the water and therefore lower the capillary pressure.Three SRA’s, frequently referenced in related literature, were included in this study:Eclipse Plus, manufactured by Grace Construction Products; Peramin SRA330,5
manufactured by Perstorp Polyols, Inc.; and Tetraguard AS20, manufactured by DegussaAdmixtures, Inc., formerly Master Builders Technologies. Several other SRA’s are alsoon the market, but due to time and material constraints they were not evaluated in thisstudy.3.4 Internal Curing Using Saturated Lightweight Fine AggregateThe technique of internally curing high performance concrete (HPC), originally proposedin 1991 by Philleo and later refined by Weber and Reinhardt in 1995; Bentur, Igarashi,and Kovler in 1999; and Bentz and Snyder in 1999, also shows promise of reducingshrinkage. To cure concrete internally, this technique replaces a portion of the fineaggregate in the mix with an equal volume of saturated lightweight fine aggregate(LWFA). LWFA has a higher absorption capacity than typical fine aggregate and istherefore able to store more water. Once the hydration of the cement particles uses up thefree water in the concrete mix, the water is drawn out of the pores of the LWFA tocontinue the curing process. The researchers claim that this extra supply of water allowsthe cement particles to achieve complete hydration and prevents shrinkage altogether.LWFA composed of expanded slate and shale (see Figure 2 on the following page) wasselected for this study based on research conducted by Roberts (2002). This type ofLWFA is manufactured using a rotary kiln process and the unit weight varies between45-62 lb/ft 3 loose bulk density, about half the weight of typical sand and stone (Solite,2003). Expanded slate and shale LWFA from Solite Corporation (Solite) and NortheastSolite (Hydrocure) are evaluated in this study.The technique of using saturated LWFA to internally cure HPC has not yet been tested inconcrete pavement applications. However, lightweight concrete made from expandedslate and shale has been used for years in bridge decks all over the world. Bridge deckscomposed of lightweight aggregate in both Maryland and New York have lasted morethan 30 years, exposed to numerous freeze/thaw cycles and applications of deicing salts(Holm, Bremner, & Newman, 1984).6
Page 1 and 2: REPORT NUMBER: WI-01-04LABORATORY T
Page 3 and 4: LABORATORY TESTING OF PORTLAND CEME
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnical Report D
Page 7 and 8: Table 12. Concrete-to-Concrete Bond
Page 9 and 10: Table 1. Rapid Setting Concrete Pat
Page 11: addition to these techniques, which
Page 15 and 16: Performance results reported by the
Page 17 and 18: 4.4 Concrete Curing CompoundsTable
Page 19 and 20: - 5.1.3 Air Content -The concrete s
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5. Time of Set Test Results2
Page 23 and 24: The change in height test results a
Page 25 and 26: - 5.1.6 Compressive Strength -A set
Page 27 and 28: Mn/DOT 3U18 (CONTROL) Mn/DOT 3U18 w
Page 29 and 30: - 5.1.7 Phase I Test Results Summar
Page 31 and 32: - 5.2.2 Compressive Strength -Since
Page 33 and 34: 26Figure 12. Length Change Test Res
Page 35 and 36: The freeze/thaw test results, which
Page 37 and 38: any dirt or epoxy. Then, the specim
Page 39 and 40: - 5.2.6 Concrete-to-Concrete Bond S
Page 41 and 42: - 5.2.7 Phase II Test Results Summa
Page 43 and 44: Table 14. Cost ComparisonADDITIVE/A
Page 45 and 46: The patch material containing Denka
Page 47 and 48: feasible, all test sections will be
Page 49 and 50: Roberts, J. W. (April 23, 2002) Imp
Page 52 and 53: Mn/DOT 3U18 (Control)PHASE I: MIX D
Page 54 and 55: Mn/DOT 3U18 (Control) (Continued)PH
Page 56 and 57: Type K Cement (Continued)PHASE I: M
Page 58 and 59: KomponentPHASE I: MIX DESIGNS AND T
Page 60 and 61: Denka CSA #20 (42.14 lb/yd 3 or 25
Page 62 and 63:
Denka CSA 100R (42.14 lb/yd 3 or 25
Page 64 and 65:
Peramin SRA330 (Continued)PHASE I:
Page 66 and 67:
Eclipse PlusPHASE I: MIX DESIGNS AN
Page 68 and 69:
Eclipse Plus (Continued)PHASE I: MI
Page 70 and 71:
SolitePHASE I: MIX DESIGNS AND TEST
Page 72:
HydrocurePHASE I: MIX DESIGNS AND T
Page 76 and 77:
Mn/DOT 3U18 (Control)PHASE II: MIX
Page 78 and 79:
Type K CementPHASE II: MIX DESIGNS
Page 80 and 81:
KomponentPHASE II: MIX DESIGNS AND
Page 82 and 83:
Denka CSA #20 (50.56 lb/yd 3 or 30
Page 84 and 85:
Tetraguard AS20PHASE II: MIX DESIGN
Page 86:
APPENDIX C:ADDITIONAL TESTING OFSAT
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