The Standards for Evaluation of Names and Armory - SCA Heraldry

Appendix B: Types of BynamesThe Standards for Evaluation of Names and Armory:The Rules for SubmissionsA byname is a name phrase added to a given name to specify which William or Mary you're discussing. Bynames fall intoseveral categories, discussed below. For a list of the types of bynames are available in various languages, see Appendix A.A. Bynames of relationship: A byname of relationship describes an individual as someone's child or describes some otherimportant relationship. Patronymic names are found widely; other types of bynames of relationship are far more limitedin their use.1. Patronymic bynames describe someone as their father's son or daughter; they are the most common and broadly foundtype of byname of relationship.Examples include the English Johnson, Williams and Robert, the Spanish Perez, the Gaelic mac Néill and ingheanDomhnaill, the Scots Makdowall, the Arabic ibn Sulaymān, the German Hainrich, the Italian di Antonio and the OldNorse Bjarnarson.2. Historical ancestor bynames describe someone as the descendent of their grandfather or earlier ancestors: the Gaelic ÓRuairc, inghean Uí Bhriain, and the Arabic al-Ḥasanī 'descendant of Ḥasan.'Others do the same thing by listing multiple generations: the Gaelic mac Conchobair mhic Fhearchair, the Welsh apRis ap Madoc, and the Norse Ketils son Gríms sonar.3. Matronymic bynames describe someone as their mother's son or daughter; these are far less common than patronymicbynames. In England they are relatively common, while in Arabic and German, they are quite rare. In otherlanguages, they do not happen at all.Examples include: the English Maddison 'Maud's son', filia Agnetis 'daughter of Agnes' and Rosedoghter; the ArabicIbn Fatimah and Ibn al-Labanah 'daughter of the milkmaid'; the German Katerinen son; and the Italian di Maddalena.4. Other bynames of relationship are found only in very limited times and places. They include the following:a. Marital bynames describe a woman as her husband's wife. In most cultures in period, women did not change theirbynames upon marriage (especially bynames of relationship: your father doesn't change when you get married).Examples include the Old Norse Végauts kona, the English Jackewyf and Hobsonwyf, and the Gaelic bean Cormaic.Sometimes marital bynames are identical in form to patronymics like the Italian di Giovanni or German Dieterlins.b. Kunyas are Arabic bynames that describes someone as the parent of a child, most frequently their eldest son.Examples include Umm Badr, Abū al-Jafnā 'father of the curly haired girl', and Abū 'l-Barakāt 'father of blessings'.c. Other bynames of relationship: Occasionally, someone will be described in terms of another relationship. Examplesinclude: English Parsonbrother, Robertstepson, Parsoncosyn, and Vikersister. A few Arabic examples have verycomplex descriptions like Ibn ukht Ibn Abi ‘Uqba 'son of the sister of the man who was the son of the father of‘Uqba.'d. Work relationships describe someone as someone's current or former servant. Examples include the EnglishMathewservant, Websterman, Gibmayden and Prestewoman as well as the Arabic mawlā Faraj 'freedman of Faraj'.B. Locative Bynames: A locative byname describes an individual in terms of a place where they were born, they have lived,or are otherwise associated with. We categorize these in two ways: in terms of the structure, which can either be aphrase such as of London or an adjective like Londoner, and in terms of whether the locative element is a specific namedplace like London or a generic toponym like Mill or Meadow. Some languages use all of these, while others use onlysome of these patterns.1. Locative Bynames from Specific Toponyms: Locative bynames are most frequently formed from the name of a townor city. Locative bynames generally use a single word, though in English there are some examples of compound (twoRules for Submissions - January, 2012