Dar Es Salaam, Tanz - SNHU Academic Archive - Southern New ...

14insurance, fisheries, housing, tourism and consumer cooperatives . As a member of theICA, th e Tanzani a cooperative s ar e require d t o operat e accordin g t o it s guidin gprinciples. These cooperatives principles are guidelines by which cooperatives put theirvalues int o practice . Firs t establishe d i n Rochdale , Englan d i n th e 1840 f s, thes ecooperative principle s ar e periodicall y reviewed an d update d b y th e Internationa lCooperative Alliance.2.1.1 Emergenc e of Cooperative Societies in TanzaniaSavings and credit Co-operatives in Tanzania are the oldest in Africa; they have existedin Tanzani a since 192 5 and started to expan d in the 1930s . They were foun d both inurban (employee s cooperative s a t wor k places ) an d i n rural area s wher e the y wer eclosely linke d with primar y cooperativ e cro p marketin g societie s (PCSs) . Th e firstCooperative Act was enacted in year 193 2 and they officially starte d in the year 1938.After independence the government policy was to make coops an economic developmentfoundation.They have, nevertheless , suffere d th e legac y of Cooperatives in Tanzania: policy andpolitical disruptions, dissolution and reformation, top-down initiatives in their formationand management appointments particularl y during the socialist and strongly centralisedTanzania. For the political economy and transformations o f cooperatives see for exampleMporogomy, 1988 , Schyberge r 1988 , Mushining a 1991 , Mwangamil a 199 2 an dScwettman 1993 . A n interestin g observatio n her e shoul d b e tha t despit e th e