Ghrelin's second life - World Journal of Gastroenterology

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modulation of NO and a crucial role of the NO/cGMP pathway during IR injury in rat orthotopic liver transplantation and the protective mechanisms of grafted liver and recipient’s lung in hepatopulmonary syndrome. It is likely to be an effective way to improve postoperative antithrombotic therapy and the efficacy of liver transplantation by strengthening the NO/cGMP pathway. COMMENTS Background Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury during liver transplantation is a complex, multifactorial process in which numerous mediators and a variety of cells interact, leading to tissue damage. It is a hot issue at present and a major challenge in liver transplantation. In the field of solid organ transplantation, people do not know the immune suppression or immune stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) in acute rejection, chronic rejection, or the state of the immune response with low immune function. Research frontiers This research contributes to the theoretical basis of liver transplantation in clinical practice. The results improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IR injury in liver transplantation. Innovations and breakthroughs Study results demonstrated novel immunoregulatory protective effects from IR injury in hepatopulmonary syndrome, involvement of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the pathogenesis after reperfusion injury in liver transplantation, and cellular localization of NO varies according to the immune status of the grafted liver. The study demonstrated the key role of the NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway during IR injury in liver transplantation. It is likely to be an effective way to provide a new pharmacological approach for preoperative antithrombotic therapy through strengthening the NO/cGMP pathway, which greatly improves the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IR injury in liver transplantation. Applications Since 2003, the center has performed 97 cases of clinical liver transplantation. Eight cases complicated by hepatorenal syndrome were successfully reversed through enhancing the NO synthesis pathway by supplementing with an NO donor (L-arginine or alprostadil) in the early preoperative period. The authors suggest that acute renal failure might be successfully reversed to avoid further deterioration of multiorgan failure by the timely and decisive use of alprostadil, or by the repeated and sustained application of high-dose furosemide. Terminology IR injury is a complex, multifactorial process in which numerous mediators and a variety of cells interact, leading to tissue damage during liver transplantation. Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a disorder characterized by intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, leading to gas exchange abnormalities in the setting of liver disease. Peer review This is a good descriptive study in which authors evaluate immunological protections of NO in hepatopulmonary syndrome and the probable mechanisms of IR injury in rat liver transplantation. The results are interesting and suggest that the NO/cGMP pathway may be critical for successful organ transplantation, especially in treating hepatopulmonary syndrome during cold IR injury in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. REFERENCES 1 Diao TJ, Wu MC, Yao XP. Nitric oxide and ischemia reperfusion injury. Gandanyi Waike Zazhi 1999; 11: 219-221 2 Xu MH, Deng CS, Zhu YQ, Lin J. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in aberrant crypt foci-adenomacarcinoma sequence. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1246-1250 3 Kurus M, Esrefoglu M, Karabulut AB, Sogutlu G, Kaya M, Otlu A. Oral L-arginine protects against cyclosporineinduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2008; 60: WJG|www.wjgnet.com Diao TJ et al . NO and hepatopulmonary syndrome 411-419 4 Yang YL, Li JP, Dou KF, Li KZ. Influence of liver nonparenchymal cell infusion combined with cyclosporin A on rejection of rat small bowel transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 2859-2862 5 Kato T, Sato Y, Kurosaki I, Yamamoto S, Hirano K, Nakatsuka H, Kobayashi T, Kameyama H, Watanabe T, Shirai Y, Hatakeyama K. FK506 may reduce early liver injury following living related liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2006; 53: 580-583 6 Diao TJ, Yao XP, Ji B, Yang JM, Wu MC, Zhang SG, Tan JW. The operative improved methods in model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Gandan Waike Zazhi 1999; 7: 10-12 7 Diao TJ, Yao XP, Ji B, Yang JM, Wu MC, Zhang SG. Improvement of the surgical procedure and prevention of the complications in hamster-to-rat xenotransplantation using the three-cuff technique. Gandanyi Waike Zazhi 1998; 10: 100-103 8 Tan JW, Zhang SG, Qian GX, Wu MC. Hamster to rat orthotopic liver transplantation in 38 cases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 1999; 7: 904-905 9 Tan JW, Zhang SG, Qian GX, Wu MC. The improvements in hamster to rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Jiefangjun Yixue Zazhi 2000; 25: 155-156 10 Tan JW, Zhang SG, Qian GX, Wu MC. The model improved in hamster to rat liver xenotransplantation. Zhongguo Puwai Jichu yu Linchuang Zazhi 1999; 6: 201-203 11 Guo H, Wu YJ, Zheng SS, Wang WL, Yu J. Application of modified two-cuff technique and multiglycosides tripterygium wilfordii in hamster-to-rat liver xenotransplant model. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1550-1553 12 Han F, Zhang YF, Li YQ. Fos expression in tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in rat brainstem after visceral noxious stimulation: an immunohistochemical study. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1045-1050 13 Ben Abdennebi H, Zaoualí MA, Alfany-Fernandez I, Tabka D, Roselló-Catafau J. How to protect liver graft with nitric oxide. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 2879-2889 14 Moussavian MR, Scheuer C, Schmidt M, Kollmar O, Wagner M, von Heesen M, Schilling MK, Menger MD. Multidrug donor preconditioning prevents cold liver preservation and reperfusion injury. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 396: 231-241 15 Salem NA, Salem EA, Maarouf AM, Kamel M, Elgalaly H, Radwan M, El-Dayem WA, Eladl M. Protective effect of trapidil and l-arginine against renal and hepatic toxicity induced by cyclosporine in rats. Ren Fail 2010; 32: 959-968 16 Tu B, Peng Y, Yan Y, Li SW, Liu CA, Gong JP. Early alterations of serum nitric oxide and its significance after rat liver transplantation. Zhonghua Qiguan Yizhi Zazhi 2007; 8: 534-536 17 Diao TJ, Deng LH, Li DM, Yao XP, Yang JM, Wu MC. Functional roles of nitric oxide pathway during ischemia reperfusion injury in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Jichu Yixue yu Linchuang 2000; 20: 48-55 18 Diao TJ, Yao XP, Ji B, Yang JM, Wu MC. Zhang SG. Effects of L-arginine during ischemia reperfusion injury in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 1998; 6: 291-295 19 Tashiro H, Itamoto T, Ohdan H, Arihiro K, Tateaki Y, Nakahara H, Ochi M, Hino H, Mizunuma K, Hara H, Tokita D, Onoe T, Ishiyama K, Mitsuta H, Sugino K, Asahara T. Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- (TRAIL) receptor-2/DR-5, but not Fas, in graft injury in livedonor liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2004; 17: 626-633 20 Diao TJ, Yuan TY, Li YL. Immunologic role of nitric oxide in acute rejection of golden hamster to rat liver xenotransplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8: 746-751 21 Coito AJ, Buelow R, Shen XD, Amersi F, Moore C, Volk HD, 3315 July 7, 2012|Volume 18|Issue 25|
Diao TJ et al . NO and hepatopulmonary syndrome Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Heme oxygenase-1 gene transfer inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and protects genetically fat Zucker rat livers from ischemiareperfusion injury. Transplantation 2002; 74: 96-102 22 Abu-Amara M, Yang SY, Quaglia A, Rowley P, Fuller B, Seifalian A, Davidson B. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in remote ischemic preconditioning of the mouse liver. Liver Transpl 2011; 17: 610-619 23 Abu-Amara M, Yang SY, Quaglia A, Rowley P, de Mel A, Tapuria N, Seifalian A, Davidson B, Fuller B. Nitric oxide is an essential mediator of the protective effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in a mouse model of liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121: 257-266 24 Lau EM, McCaughan G, Torzillo PJ. Improvement in hepatopulmonary syndrome after methadone withdrawal: a case report with implications for disease mechanism. Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 870-873 25 Durand P, Baujard C, Grosse AL, Gomola A, Debray D, Dousset B, Devictor D. Reversal of hypoxemia by inhaled nitric oxide in children with severe hepatopulmonary syndrome, type 1, during and after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 65: 437-439 26 Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P, Scappaticci E, Morello M, Bergerone S, Ottobrelli A, Cerutti E, Polizzi S, Bucca C. Exhaled nitric oxide and impaired oxygenation in cirrhotic patients before and after liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 375-378 27 Diao TJ, Li WH, Wu MC, Yao XP, Yang JM, Li DM, Ji B, Li FC. Cellular localization of nitric oxide synthase during acute rejection in golden hamster to rat orthotopic liver xenotransplantation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 1999; 7: 855-860 28 Diao TJ, Li YL. Immunosurveillence role of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in the acute rejection of hamster to rat concordant orthotopic liver xenotransplantation. Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi 2001; 9: 96-97 29 Diao TJ, Li YL, Zhao XD, Li DM, Yao XP, Wu MC. The function of nitric oxide in acute rejection of golden hamster WJG|www.wjgnet.com to rat orthotopic liver xenotransplantation and studies of NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Gandanyi Waike Zazhi 2000; 12: 193-197 30 Diao TJ, Wu MC, Yao XP. Nitric oxide and rejection of liver transplantation. Gandanyi Waike Zazhi 1997; 9: 185-187 31 Eigler A, Moeller J, Endres S. Exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide attenuates tumor necrosis factor synthesis in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. J Immunol 1995; 154: 4048-4054 32 Adachi K, Fujino M, Kitazawa Y, Funeshima-Fuji N, Takahara S, Kimura H, Li XK. Exogenous expression of Fasligand or CrmA prolongs the survival in rat liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2006; 38: 2710-2713 33 Gómez-Lechón MJ, Serralta A, Donato MT, Jiménez N, O’ connor E, Castell JV, Mir J. The immunosuppressant drug FK506 prevents Fas-induced apoptosis in human hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68: 2427-2433 34 Tan JW, Zhang SG, Jiang Y, Yang JM, Qian GX, Wu MC. Apoptosis in acute rejection of hamster-to-rat liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2002; 1: 340-344 35 Zhang SG, Wu MC, Tan JW, Chen H, Yang JM, Qian QJ. Expression of perforin and granzyme B mRNA in judgement of immunosuppressive effect in rat liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 1999; 5: 217-220 36 Diao TJ, Yao XP, Yin CC, Li DM, Yang JM, Wu MC. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) cold ischemia reperfusion injury in the rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1999; 79: 814-815 37 Böhmer AE, Mendes Ribeiro Corrêa A, de Souza DG, Knorr L, Hansel G, Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Portela LV, Souza DO. Long-term cyclosporine treatment: evaluation of serum biochemical parameters and histopathological alterations in Wistar rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2011; 63: 119-123 38 Wang KX, Hu SY, Jiang XS, Zhu M, Jin B, Zhang GY, Chen B. Protective effects of ischaemic postconditioning on warm/ cold ischaemic reperfusion injury in rat liver: a comparative study with ischaemic preconditioning. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008; 121: 2004-2009 S- Editor Gou SX L- Editor A E- Editor Zhang DN 3316 July 7, 2012|Volume 18|Issue 25|
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World Journal of Gastroenterology W
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Phillip S Oates, Perth Ross C Smith
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Deepak N Amarapurkar, Mumbai Abhiji
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Trine Olsen, Tromsø Eyvind J Pauls
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Conor P Delaney, Cleveland Sharon D
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S Contents EDITORIAL TOPIC HIGHLIGH
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Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS APPENDIX A
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Verhulst PJ et al . Ghrelin and glu
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Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
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Ishikawa T. Zinc during interferon
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Sitarz R et al . Gastroenterostoma
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Sitarz R et al . Gastroenterostoma
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Morais TC et al . Gastrointestinal
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Song MJ et al . Usefulness of PET/C
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A Sensitivity B Sensitivity C Sensi
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Bae GS et al . Anti-inflammatory ef
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B Myeloperoxidase activity (U/mg pr
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A Time (h) - 1 3 6 NJ4 B Relative H
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A C Time (h) - 1 3 6 NJ4-2 B Relati
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A Collagen staining (fold change) C
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CCl4/YGJ CCl4-13 wk CCl4-7 wk Contr
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CCl4/YGJ CCl4-13 wk CCl4-7 wk Contr
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liver and have potent proliferative
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A 8 wk 9 wk 10 wk 13 wk CCl4/YGJ CC
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Cheng JC. A Chinese Herbal Decoctio
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Singh R, Neo EN, Nordeen N, Shanmug
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etter patient tolerance with regard
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Key words: Intestinal alkaline phos
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Molnár K et al . iAP in pediatric
Page 97 and 98: Chung WC et al . Ulcer after gastre
Page 99: Yang HY et al . Early resection of
Page 102 and 103: indicate a later timing for radical
Page 104 and 105: Zhao WC, Zhang HB, Yang N, Fu Y, Qi
Page 106 and 107: level, or rapid enlargement of lesi
Page 108 and 109: Table 3 Area under the receiver ope
Page 111 and 112: Zhao WC et al . Prognostic factors
Page 113 and 114: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 116 and 117: mV 0 2 4 6 8 cpm FD patients are sh
Page 118 and 119: COMMENTS Background Gastric motilit
Page 120 and 121: thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) in
Page 122: A Serum ALT (U/L) C Serum alkaline
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES 1 Schibler U. Circadian
Page 132 and 133: positive patients were found to hav
Page 134: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 140: 21 Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, Mlecni
Page 149 and 150: Gallegos M et al . Lymphogranuloma
Page 151 and 152: Gallegos M et al . Lymphogranuloma
Page 155 and 156: A Hadžić N et al . Diagnosis in B
Page 157 and 158: Hadžić N et al . Diagnosis in BAA
Page 159 and 160: A B Chung HJ et al . Choledocholith
Page 161 and 162: Chung HJ et al . Choledocholithiasi
Page 165 and 166: Instructions to authors ISSN and EI
Page 167 and 168: Instructions to authors AIM (no mor
Page 169 and 170: Instructions to authors Guidelines
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