Ghrelin's second life - World Journal of Gastroenterology

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Lee CE, Jones JE, Deysher AE, Waxman AR, White RD, Williams TD, Lachey JL, Seeley RJ, Lowell BB, Elmquist JK. Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of dietinduced obesity. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3564-3572 54 Wortley KE, del Rincon JP, Murray JD, Garcia K, Iida K, Thorner MO, Sleeman MW. Absence of ghrelin protects against early-onset obesity. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3573-3578 55 Sun Y, Asnicar M, Saha PK, Chan L, Smith RG. Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. Cell Metab 2006; 3: 379-386 56 Sun Y, Butte NF, Garcia JM, Smith RG. Characterization of adult ghrelin and ghrelin receptor knockout mice under positive and negative energy balance. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 843-850 57 Zhao TJ, Liang G, Li RL, Xie X, Sleeman MW, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos GD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is essential for growth hormone-mediated survival of calorie-restricted mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 7467-7472 58 Dezaki K, Hosoda H, Kakei M, Hashiguchi S, Watanabe M, Kangawa K, Yada T. Endogenous ghrelin in pancreatic islets restricts insulin release by attenuating Ca2+ signaling in beta-cells: implication in the glycemic control in rodents. Diabetes 2004; 53: 3142-3151 59 Volante M, Allìa E, Gugliotta P, Funaro A, Broglio F, Deghenghi R, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Papotti M. Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1300-1308 60 Wierup N, Svensson H, Mulder H, Sundler F. The ghrelin cell: a novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas. Regul Pept 2002; 107: 63-69 61 Andralojc KM, Mercalli A, Nowak KW, Albarello L, Calcagno R, Luzi L, Bonifacio E, Doglioni C, Piemonti L. Ghrelinproducing epsilon cells in the developing and adult human pancreas. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 486-493 62 Wierup N, Yang S, McEvilly RJ, Mulder H, Sundler F. 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Regul Pept 2005; 126: 67-71 67 Granata R, Settanni F, Biancone L, Trovato L, Nano R, Bertuzzi F, Destefanis S, Annunziata M, Martinetti M, Catapano F, Ghè C, Isgaard J, Papotti M, Ghigo E, Muccioli G. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells and human islets: involvement of 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphatidyl inositol 3-Kinase/Akt signaling. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 512-529 68 Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1714-1719 69 Flanagan DE, Evans ML, Monsod TP, Rife F, Heptulla RA, Tamborlane WV, Sherwin RS. The influence of insulin on WJG|www.wjgnet.com Verhulst PJ et al . Ghrelin and glucose homeostasis circulating ghrelin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284: E313-E316 70 Lucidi P, Murdolo G, Di Loreto C, De Cicco A, Parlanti N, Fanelli C, Santeusanio F, Bolli GB, De Feo P. Ghrelin is not necessary for adequate hormonal counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2911-2914 71 Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, Ishii S, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Effects of insulin, leptin, and glucagon on ghrelin secretion from isolated perfused rat stomach. Regul Pept 2004; 119: 77-81 72 Saad MF, Bernaba B, Hwu CM, Jinagouda S, Fahmi S, Kogosov E, Boyadjian R. Insulin regulates plasma ghrelin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3997-4000 73 Möhlig M, Spranger J, Otto B, Ristow M, Tschöp M, Pfeiffer AF. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, but not lipid infusion, decreases circulating ghrelin levels in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25: RC36-RC38 74 Caixás A, Bashore C, Nash W, Pi-Sunyer F, Laferrère B. Insulin, unlike food intake, does not suppress ghrelin in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1902 75 Schaller G, Schmidt A, Pleiner J, Woloszczuk W, Wolzt M, Luger A. Plasma ghrelin concentrations are not regulated by glucose or insulin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clamp study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 16-20 76 Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, Gottero C, Muccioli G, Papotti M, van der Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5083-5086 77 Dezaki K, Sone H, Koizumi M, Nakata M, Kakei M, Nagai H, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Yada T. Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Diabetes 2006; 55: 3486-3493 78 Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y, Mondal MS, Tanaka M, Nozoe S, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Matsukura S. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 240-244 79 Colombo M, Gregersen S, Xiao J, Hermansen K. Effects of ghrelin and other neuropeptides (CART, MCH, orexin A and B, and GLP-1) on the release of insulin from isolated rat islets. Pancreas 2003; 27: 161-166 80 Qader SS, Håkanson R, Rehfeld JF, Lundquist I, Salehi A. Proghrelin-derived peptides influence the secretion of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin: a study on isolated islets from mouse and rat pancreas. Regul Pept 2008; 146: 230-237 81 Reimer MK, Pacini G, Ahrén B. Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 916-921 82 Ni H, De Waele K, Walia P, Chanoine JP. In vitro and in vivo effect of acylated and unacylated ghrelin on neonatal glucose homeostasis. Pediatr Res 2010; 67: 609-613 83 Doi A, Shono T, Nishi M, Furuta H, Sasaki H, Nanjo K. IA-2beta, but not IA-2, is induced by ghrelin and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 885-890 84 Wang Y, Nishi M, Doi A, Shono T, Furukawa Y, Shimada T, Furuta H, Sasaki H, Nanjo K. Ghrelin inhibits insulin secretion through the AMPK-UCP2 pathway in beta cells. FEBS Lett 2010; 584: 1503-1508 85 Egido EM, Rodriguez-Gallardo J, Silvestre RA, Marco J. Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146: 241-244 86 Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2002; 14: 555-560 87 Gauna C, Delhanty PJ, van Aken MO, Janssen JA, Themmen AP, Hofland LJ, Culler M, Broglio F, Ghigo E, van der Lely 3193 July 7, 2012|Volume 18|Issue 25|
Verhulst PJ et al . Ghrelin and glucose homeostasis AJ. Unacylated ghrelin is active on the INS-1E rat insulinoma cell line independently of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a and the corticotropin releasing factor 2 receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 251: 103-111 88 Esler WP, Rudolph J, Claus TH, Tang W, Barucci N, Brown SE, Bullock W, Daly M, Decarr L, Li Y, Milardo L, Molstad D, Zhu J, Gardell SJ, Livingston JN, Sweet LJ. Small-molecule ghrelin receptor antagonists improve glucose tolerance, suppress appetite, and promote weight loss. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 5175-5185 89 Cui C, Ohnuma H, Daimon M, Susa S, Yamaguchi H, Kameda W, Jimbu Y, Oizumi T, Kato T. Ghrelin infused into the portal vein inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Peptides 2008; 29: 1241-1246 90 Gauna C, Kiewiet RM, Janssen JA, van de Zande B, Delhanty PJ, Ghigo E, Hofland LJ, Themmen AP, van der Lely AJ. 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Administration of acylated ghrelin reduces insulin sensitivity, whereas the combination of acylated plus unacylated ghrelin strongly improves insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5035-5042 94 Broglio F, Gottero C, Prodam F, Gauna C, Muccioli G, Papotti M, Abribat T, Van Der Lely AJ, Ghigo E. Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3062-3065 95 Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Ferreira C, Vinci P, Pirulli A, Mucci M, Dore F, Fonda M, Ciocchi B, Cattin L, Guarnieri G. Relationships between desacylated and acylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3935-3940 96 Longo KA, Charoenthongtrakul S, Giuliana DJ, Govek EK, McDonagh T, Qi Y, DiStefano PS, Geddes BJ. Improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility in ghrelin receptor knockout mice. 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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 6367-6370 100 Andrews ZB, Liu ZW, Walllingford N, Erion DM, Borok E, Friedman JM, Tschöp MH, Shanabrough M, Cline G, Shulman GI, Coppola A, Gao XB, Horvath TL, Diano S. UCP2 mediates ghrelin’s action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals. Nature 2008; 454: 846-851 WJG|www.wjgnet.com 101 Zhang CY, Baffy G, Perret P, Krauss S, Peroni O, Grujic D, Hagen T, Vidal-Puig AJ, Boss O, Kim YB, Zheng XX, Wheeler MB, Shulman GI, Chan CB, Lowell BB. Uncoupling protein-2 negatively regulates insulin secretion and is a major link between obesity, beta cell dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes. Cell 2001; 105: 745-755 102 Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1047-1053 103 Tschöp M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 2001; 50: 707-709 104 Holdstock C, Ludvigsson J, Karlsson FA. Abnormal ghrelin secretion in new onset childhood Type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 150-151 105 Martos-Moreno GA, Barrios V, Soriano-Guillén L, Argente J. Relationship between adiponectin levels, acylated ghrelin levels, and short-term body mass index changes in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 at diagnosis and after insulin therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155: 757-761 106 Ashraf A, Mick G, Meleth S, Wang X, McCormick K. Insulin treatment reduces pre-prandial plasma ghrelin concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes. Med Sci Monit 2007; 13: CR533-CR537 107 Murdolo G, Lucidi P, Di Loreto C, Parlanti N, De Cicco A, Fatone C, Fanelli CG, Bolli GB, Santeusanio F, De Feo P. Insulin is required for prandial ghrelin suppression in humans. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2923-2927 108 Ishii S, Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Role of ghrelin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hyperphagia. Endocrinology 2002; 143: 4934-4937 109 Gelling RW, Overduin J, Morrison CD, Morton GJ, Frayo RS, Cummings DE, Schwartz MW. Effect of uncontrolled diabetes on plasma ghrelin concentrations and ghrelininduced feeding. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 4575-4582 110 Masaoka T, Suzuki H, Hosoda H, Ota T, Minegishi Y, Nagata H, Kangawa K, Ishii H. Enhanced plasma ghrelin levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. FEBS Lett 2003; 541: 64-68 111 Dong J, Peeters TL, De Smet B, Moechars D, Delporte C, Vanden Berghe P, Coulie B, Tang M, Depoortere I. Role of endogenous ghrelin in the hyperphagia of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 2634-2642 112 Verhulst PJ, De Smet B, Saels I, Thijs T, Ver Donck L, Moechars D, Peeters TL, Depoortere I. Role of ghrelin in the relationship between hyperphagia and accelerated gastric emptying in diabetic mice. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1267-1276 113 Irako T, Akamizu T, Hosoda H, Iwakura H, Ariyasu H, Tojo K, Tajima N, Kangawa K. Ghrelin prevents development of diabetes at adult age in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1264-1273 114 Granata R, Volante M, Settanni F, Gauna C, Ghé C, Annunziata M, Deidda B, Gesmundo I, Abribat T, van der Lely AJ, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Papotti M. Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin increase islet cell mass and prevent diabetes in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2010; 45: 9-17 115 Kerem M, Salman B, Ozsoy S, Pasaoglu H, Bedirli A, Haziroglu R, Yilmaz TU. Exogenous ghrelin enhances endocrine and exocrine regeneration in pancreatectomized rats. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13: 775-783 116 Kyoraku I, Shiomi K, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. Ghrelin reverses experimental diabetic neuropathy in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389: 405-408 117 Granata R, Settanni F, Trovato L, Destefanis S, Gallo D, Martinetti M, Ghigo E, Muccioli G. Unacylated as well as acylated ghrelin promotes cell survival and inhibit apoptosis in HIT-T15 pancreatic beta-cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29: RC19-RC22 3194 July 7, 2012|Volume 18|Issue 25|
Page 1 and 2: World Journal of Gastroenterology W
Page 3 and 4: Phillip S Oates, Perth Ross C Smith
Page 5 and 6: Deepak N Amarapurkar, Mumbai Abhiji
Page 7 and 8: Trine Olsen, Tromsø Eyvind J Pauls
Page 9 and 10: Conor P Delaney, Cleveland Sharon D
Page 11 and 12: S Contents EDITORIAL TOPIC HIGHLIGH
Page 13 and 14: Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS APPENDIX A
Page 15 and 16: Verhulst PJ et al . Ghrelin and glu
Page 23: Verhulst PJ et al . Ghrelin and glu
Page 27: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 31: Ishikawa T. Zinc during interferon
Page 35 and 36: Sitarz R et al . Gastroenterostoma
Page 37 and 38: Sitarz R et al . Gastroenterostoma
Page 39 and 40: Morais TC et al . Gastrointestinal
Page 47 and 48: Song MJ et al . Usefulness of PET/C
Page 49 and 50: A Sensitivity B Sensitivity C Sensi
Page 55 and 56: Bae GS et al . Anti-inflammatory ef
Page 59 and 60: B Myeloperoxidase activity (U/mg pr
Page 61 and 62: A Time (h) - 1 3 6 NJ4 B Relative H
Page 63 and 64: A C Time (h) - 1 3 6 NJ4-2 B Relati
Page 70 and 71: A Collagen staining (fold change) C
Page 72 and 73: CCl4/YGJ CCl4-13 wk CCl4-7 wk Contr
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CCl4/YGJ CCl4-13 wk CCl4-7 wk Contr
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liver and have potent proliferative
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A 8 wk 9 wk 10 wk 13 wk CCl4/YGJ CC
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Cheng JC. A Chinese Herbal Decoctio
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Singh R, Neo EN, Nordeen N, Shanmug
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etter patient tolerance with regard
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Key words: Intestinal alkaline phos
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Molnár K et al . iAP in pediatric
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Chung WC et al . Ulcer after gastre
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Yang HY et al . Early resection of
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indicate a later timing for radical
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Zhao WC, Zhang HB, Yang N, Fu Y, Qi
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level, or rapid enlargement of lesi
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Table 3 Area under the receiver ope
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Zhao WC et al . Prognostic factors
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Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
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mV 0 2 4 6 8 cpm FD patients are sh
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COMMENTS Background Gastric motilit
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thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) in
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A Serum ALT (U/L) C Serum alkaline
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REFERENCES 1 Schibler U. Circadian
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positive patients were found to hav
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21 Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, Mlecni
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Diao TJ et al . NO and hepatopulmon
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Gallegos M et al . Lymphogranuloma
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Gallegos M et al . Lymphogranuloma
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Page 155 and 156:
A Hadžić N et al . Diagnosis in B
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Hadžić N et al . Diagnosis in BAA
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A B Chung HJ et al . Choledocholith
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Chung HJ et al . Choledocholithiasi
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Instructions to authors ISSN and EI
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Instructions to authors AIM (no mor
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Instructions to authors Guidelines
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