le travail à l'écran de visualisation work with display units

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THE USE OF STANDARDS FOR MEASURING AND EVALUATING SOFTWAREUSABILITYEva Brenner Wallius, IBM Nordic Laboratories, Stockholm, SwedenThe usability of a program has become a functional characteristic of similar importanceas more traditional types of performance variables. This has resulted in an increasingneed for measuring and evaluation methods that makes it possible to compare theusability of different programs, or different versions of the same program.Standardized procedures or benchmark tests for measurement and evaluations is thetraditional approach to meet such needs. There are however, some important issuesconcerning usability that should be considered before such a standard procedure isproposed.DEVELOPING HUMAN-COMPUTER I NTE RATI ON STANDARDSJ KaratUser Interface Institute, IBM Watson Research Center, Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY,10598With increasing presence of computers in society, there have been calls from anumber of sources for standardization of human-computer interfaces. Suchstandardization could contribute to the quality of computer software if the standardshelped produce systems which both matched the needs and capabilities of users, andenabled them to easily acquire knowledge needed to use the systems and transferpreviously learned skills. One question that we can ask of the science base we areattempting to apply to HCI design is whether or not such standards might possibly bebased on theory. While it is not possible to offer a theoretically based HCI standard atthis time, theoretical research in cognitive psychology can offer some suggestions fordevelopers of standards.In many ways the problems of applying psychological knowledge to the design of thecognitive components of the user interface is more difficult than the physiologicalaspects. The objective goals for making a display legible or a keyboard responsiveare more easily quantified than those for making a user interface easy to learn or easyto use. It is easier to define muscle fatigue, and to state that a keyboard should nottake a user to acquire the knowledge necessary to carry out an arbitrary task. To alarge extent it is this difficulty in defining the problem which makes progress in the areaseem so elusive. While psychologists have learned a great deal about humancognition, there is both a great deal which is not known and considerable difficultyapplying what is known to the fuzzy area of interface design. An important step thatneeds to be taken is for an objective statement of the problem to be developed. Weneed something more than easy to learn and use to guide the work.The position presented here is that while there are some general rules of humancognition which are fairly well established, there is not yet sufficient knowledge to putforth a rule based design guide for general purpose systems based on cognitiveprinciples. There is some high level guidance that can be provided, but it is in thenature of guidelines rather than formal rules. Some examples of problem areas whichhave yet to be addressed in developing useful information for system development willbe presented.While we wait for developments in the science, there is something to be learned fromthe study of human cognition which can be applied to interface design. It is more of aprocess recommendation concerning how to go about developing guidelines orstandards that an actual set of design rules or standards. The message from thescience is that understanding the task to be carried out in terms of the necessarycognitive components is a necessary first step to understanding human behavior on atask. This contribution is more in the methodology than in the rules, although simpleknowledge of the rules incorporated in the process can provide some useful guidance.If design projects really began by addressing the question "What must the users knowand what must they do to use the system", and the answers were carefully analyzed,many improvements would be made. Unfortunately, though this seems to be simplecommon sense, the practice of the methodology is very rare. While there are isolatedventures into using an information processing framework to improve interface design,a more complete examination of interaction with systems to do work is needed.KEYWORDS: standardizationTEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WDU 1989196TEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTREAL • SECOND IN'ITiRNATIONAI. SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WWDU 1989193
SWEDISH STRATEGIES ON EUROPEAN ERGONOMICSSTANDARDIZATION IN THE FIELD OF VDU WORKPer-Gunnar Widebâck, Swedish Agency for AdministrativeDevelopment, P.O. Box 34107, S-10026 Stockholm, SwedenThe aim of the study is to enligthen the process towards a "consent"among actors in the new European approach to standardization.The participant observer is chosen as method when letting a mixedgroup of actors playing scenarios of the reception of the standardISO 9241 - Visual display terminals (VDTs) used for office tasks -Ergonomie requirements - in a seminar. The actor is playing his ownrole as representative of a distinguished interest. The participantswill be questioned twice after the seminar. The second time willappear after the international canvass. A control group consisting ofactors who are active in standardization bodies will also bequestioned.The results concern opinions of content and type of document whenintroducing standards, regulations and other recommendations. Thetransfer of experience from hardware to software will also bediscussed.KEYWORDS: Standardization, strategies, scenario"HCI Standards"PRÉSENTATION AlIDIO-VISI1:1.1.1:AUDIO VISIJAI. PRESENTATION"Y A-T-IL UN ERG0N0ME AU MENU ?" septembre 1988 Bruxelles - BelgiqueUn vidéogramme de 30 minutes disponible en français, anglais et néerlandais.Coproducteurs :. Institut pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail (I.A.C.T.), 60 rue dela Concorde, 1050 Bruxe.lles. Service médical interentreprises M.S.R., 16 Quai aux Pierres de Taille,1000 Bruxelles. Service médical interentreprises Santé et Travail, 128 avenue Henri Jaspar,1060 Bruxelles.Equipe pluridisciplinaire :. Dr. Jean DE MEYER, équipe ergonomique du Service médical interentreprises M.S.R.. Prof. José GAUSSIN, Unité de Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations,Université Catholique de Louvain (U.C.L.). Dr. Robert LEONARD, Service d'ergonomie et de documentation du Service médicalinterentreprises Santé et Travail. Prof. René PATESS0N, Section d'informatique et Sciences humaines, Faculté desSciences sociales, politiques et économiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles(U.L.B.). ELisabeth WENDELEN, psychologue industrielle, I.A.C.T.Déléguée de production : Mme E. WENDELEN, I.A.C.T.Ce vidéo est destiné :. aux décideurs. aux membres des services médicaux du travail et de services de sécurité. aux formateurs. aux membres des comités sécurité et hygiène et. aux délégués syndicaux,qu'ils soient déjà informatisés ou qu'ils aient l'intention de l'être.Contenu du vidéogramme :- Le poste de travai1 :Comment choisir, combiner et aménager ses éléments (écran, clavier, table detravail, siège, etc...) et comment adapter l'environnement, en partant del'étude des fonctions et des tâches.. L'ergonomie du logiciel :Les moyens de "dialoguer" avec la machine doivent être ajustés à la manièredont l'utilisateur pense, parle, mémorise, perçoit, traite les informationset résout les problêmes.- L'organisation du travail :Comment mettre à profit les possibilités de l'informatique pour améliorer lesconditions de travail, notamment la qualité, la variété et l'intérêt des tâches.- La santé des utilisateurs :Quelles dispositions prendre pour éviter la fatigue oculaire et les troublesposturaux consécutifs à un travail prolongé sur écran.- Les aspects légaux :Quels sont les droits et obligations des travailleurs, des employeurs, des médecinsdu travail, des chefs de sécurité, des représentants syndicaux, à l'occasiond'un projet d'informatisation.Mots-clés : TEV - Ergonomie - VidéogrammeTEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WDU 1989198TEV 1989 — DEl JXIÈME CONFÉRENCE. SCIENTIFIQl 'E INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC. CONFERENCE — WWDU 1989199
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DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCESCIENTIFIQUE I
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Résumés /AbstractsTEV 1989 — DE
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VDU USE IN SCHOOLSBengt Knave, Depa
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A TWO-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF VISUA
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ETUDE ERGONOMIQUE DU POSTE DE COMMA
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OPTIMAL CONTRAST RATIOS FOR VDTsHar
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VISUAL COMPLAINTS, EYE IMPAIRMENT A
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STRESS AND STRAIN ON CAD-WORK - RES
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NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES, QUALIFICATI
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NEW TECHNOLOGY AND WORKERS' HEALTH:
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6TRAIN ANALYSIS AT WORD PROCESSING
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LEARNING BY DISCOVERY : PROCEDURAL
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Action facilitation approach to hum
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MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS IN RELATIO
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ARE THERE VISUAL INTERACTIONS BETWE
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53AN EVALUATION OF VDT OPERATIONS T
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1-2 - 59FROM TEXT COHERENCE TO INTE
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PS 2THE EFFECT OF GRAPHIC COMPLEXIT
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PS 2 66EYE-CATCHER: A LOW-COST EYE-
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Il 70VDT WORK RELATED FACTORS AND P
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THE USE OF VISUAL DISPLAY UNITSIN D
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Page 51 and 52: MEASURING METHOD OF SPECULAR REFLEC
Page 53 and 54: :3 89VDT LEGISLATION AND REGULATION
Page 55 and 56: C0PIN6 WITH COMPUTER STRESSSten-Olo
Page 57 and 58: REPERES POUR UNE DEMARCHE ET UNE ME
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Page 61 and 62: AN OUTBREAK OF FACIAL SKIN RASH IN
Page 63 and 64: THE EFFECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF
Page 65 and 66: PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF USING CAD-S
Page 67 and 68: ACCOMMODATION CONTROL AND COLORED I
Page 69 and 70: HEALTH ASPECTS 01" WORK WITH VDU-S.
Page 71 and 72: SKIN COMPLAINTS AND VDU WORK; AN EP
Page 73 and 74: COMPETENCE MODELLING IN CONSULTATIO
Page 75 and 76: ROOM LIGHTING FOR VDU OF PARTIALLY
Page 77 and 78: A ERGONOMICALLY DESIGNED VDT WORKST
Page 79 and 80: l'SlINFORMATISATION ET ECLAIRAGE DA
Page 81 and 82: K1 139REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE:
Page 83 and 84: EXPERIENCES FROM TWO YEARS' OF AUTH
Page 85 and 86: A NEW SWEDISH STANDARD FOR MEASURIN
Page 87 and 88: CENTRAL PROGRAMME FOR BETTER VDU CO
Page 89 and 90: WÊÊÈMmMTFA AS A METRIC FOR COMMU
Page 91 and 92: U 161MEASUREMENTS OF ELF AND RF ELE
Page 93 and 94: jaTINTED GLASSES VERSUS EXERCISE FO
Page 95 and 96: THE USEFULNESS OF AN OPHTALMIC LENS
Page 97 and 98: COMPUTERIZATION AND SICKNESS ABSENC
Page 99: HUMAN INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS FOR IN
Page 103 and 104: PRÉSENTATION AlUHO-VISI iEI.l i;AU
Page 105 and 106: AuteurAuthorDate et heureHour and d
Page 115: EFFECTS OF PULSED MAGNETIC FIELDS O
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