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SCIENCE, INDUSTRY, AND LABOR FINDINGSON VDT USE AND WORKER HEALTH AND COMFORTA Cal OSHA Committee ReportWanda Smith, Corporate Human Factors Engineering,Hewlett-Packard, U.S.A.Due to a 1987 state Assembly resolution, the CaliforniaOccupational Safety and Health Standards Board appointed acommittee to study: VDT use and worker health and thenecessity for VDT regulations. The study was completed inApril, 1989.This project is unique because representatives from business,medicine, science and labor worked together to reviewresearch and expert testimony on these topics and develop aseries of joint recommendations. Specifically, the committeemembers consisted of ophthalmologists, optometrists, humanfactors engineers/ergonomists, a psychiatrist, manufacturers,a business manager, an epidemiologist, union members,industrial hygienists, and an occupational physician.The committee studied several topics that are oftenassociated with VDT comfort and health concerns. Theseincluded: vision, musculoskeletal functions, reproduction,stress and fatigue, and the environmental conditions. Theiractivities included attending presentations by scientificexperts on each topic, quest speakers on specific topics,compiling and analyzing reported research, and developing areport summarizing findings and recommendations.The committee was asked to try to reach a consensus withregard to the results of evidence and recommendations. Wherethere was agreement that a problem did exist, the committeemembers were to propose solutions.As a result of this project, and specifically the jointprocess, the committee reached consensus on a number ofconclusions and recommendations. There were also severalareas in which divergent conclusions were reached and thesedemonstrated areas were evidence was inconclusive and moreresearch is needed.The paper to be presented will describe the process of theinvestigation, the findings of the committee on each topic,and the resulting recommendations regarding: regulations,training, and research. The findings of the committee willbe distributed which will include the resulting bibliographyof over one thousand research reports.KEYWORDS :Health, vision, musculoskeletal, reproduction,stress, environmentURINARY CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION IN VDT OPERATORSAdele Belisario, Ambra Modiano, Angela Fantini, Giuseppe Olivetti - Istituto di PatologiaSpec.Medica II e Medicina del Lavoro "D.Campanacci" (Direttore: Prof.G.D 1 Antuono) -Université degli Studi di Bologna - Via Massarenti, 9 - 40138 BOLOGNAThe aim of our study was to identify and evaluate the condition of stress inducedby VDT operation. Our investigation was conducted utilizing those biohumoral parametersmost valid in stress determination: urinary fractioned catecholamines andrespective metabolite excretion (epinephrine, norepinephrine, VMA, DOPA, HVA) aswell as plasma levels of Cortisol, ACTH, NEFA and fructosamine, with samples beingtaken both before and after the work shift.Our study was conducted on 68 VDT operators employed as industry an airport personnel,coMposed of 19 male and 49 female subjects with an average age of 37 years andhaving a range from 24 to 52 years of age. Out of the original sampling populationall subjects under medication or in possession of any pathological condition whichmight have altered the biohumoral parameters were eliminated. The resulting datawas analyzed using the Student's paired t test.The possibility of utilizing a seperate control population was rejected based onthe fact that the normal catecholamine range is extremely vast. Thus, we chose touse each subject as his own control by comparing his basal condition with thatsubsequent to his work shift, in order to achieve a more valid confrontation.We then proceeded to calculate the fractioned catecholamine (basal and after shift)mea:i values as well as the standard deviation and conducted an analysis for eachparameter considered, comparing the basal values with those taken right after thework shift.Futhermore, the data was subdivided and subsequently evaluated based on the numberof hours spent at the VDT. Moreover, the same data was analyzed with respecb tothe different sectors in which the subjects belonged following the same methodologyas cited above.The data collected demonstrated values contained within the normal range however,after statistical analysis, we discovered a significant increase in epinephrine andnorepinephrine levels taken right after the work shift. Likewise, there was aslighter significant increase in the values of DOPA, VMA and NEFA.From this study, two important conditions were observed to have had a significantimpact on the experimental biological parameters under investigation. The firstconcerning the number of hours spent in front of the video terminal and the secondregarding the type of work in which the subject was engaged. The operators exposedto the video teminal for more than four hours a day had catecholamine valuessuperior to those persons having a lesser exposure. It was also found that thoseairport personnel employed in ground control and check-in sectors, which mayrepresent a more stressful situation, presented higher levels of urinary catecholaminesin comparison to fellow airport personnel working in other sectors.KEYWORDS: stress, health, biohumoral parameters, epidemiologyTEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WWDU 1989TEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WWDU 1989125
C0PIN6 WITH COMPUTER STRESSSten-Olof Brenner, Eva Wallius, Antony LindgrenLuleâ University of Technology, SwedenIn a study on coping and computer stress, stress at textediting work was Induced experimentally by increasing theresponse time ( response delay). Response delay was selectedas an experimental factor since this emerged as a frequentstressor in a pilot study, based on Interviews withadministrative assistants, using computers as word processors.36 subjects participated In three text editing trials, each ona separate day, consisting of editing, and storing text. Trialone was a learning trial similar to all; trial two and threewere the same as trial one but with an experimentallyIntruduced Increase in response time for half of the subjects.The subjects were randomly assigned to the conditions.Cognitive style (Mastery, Locus of control, Selfesteem)aridcoping style were measured before the trials. Psychologicalmood was measured before and after each trial. Each trial wascomputer logged and vidoe recorded for analysis of copingbehavior and performance data (duration of the trial, erorrs,use of special keys etc).In summary, the increase In repsone time inducedpsychological stress, indicated by perceived low controland high tenseness. The stress affected only partiallyperformance: duration of the trial was Increased but notquality. Analyses of the logs and tape recordings revealedcompensating mechanisms or coping processes, filteringthe effects of stress on performance. Both stress andperformance data were moderated by cognitive style andcoping style. The study gave insigths in how to cope withstress at computer work, and confirmed the stressfuleffect of response delay.Keywords: coping, text editing, stressEFFECTS OF WORKER-TERMINATED MICROBREAKS ON PERFORMANCEAND MOOD STATE DURING COMPUTER-BASED DATA ENTRY WORKRobert A. Henning, Ph.D., Research Associate, National ResearchCouncil-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,Robert A. Taft Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.Steven L. Sauter, Ph.D., National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health, Division of Biomedical and BehavioralScience, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.The effects of worker-terminated microbreaks on performance andmood state were evaluated in computer-based, data entry work.Experienced data entry operators (N = 20) performed a highlyrepetitive, data entry task for two days in a simulated officeenvironment. Each day was divided into six, 40-min workperiods.Subjects took a brief rest pause (microbreak) at theworkstation in the middle of each work period. Subjects wereinstructed to terminate this microbreak when ready to resumework.Subjects 1 keystroke rates, error rates, and backspace rates(number of backspace corrections per total keystrokes) werescored for each work period. Also, a survey of mood state wasadministered to assess tension, irritation, fatigue, boredom,and stress during the work period.Results showed that microbreaks averaged 36 sec in length(SD = 25 sec) . High ratings of fatigue and boredom during thework period were associated with longer microbreaks (p < .05),suggesting that the break period was self-adjusted in relationto mood state. In addition, backspace rate was lower followinglong microbreaks (p < -05), implying that the degree ofrecovery was linked to the length of the microbreak. However,keystroke performance worsened in the second half of each workperiod (p < .05), suggesting that subjects terminatedmicrobreaks before complete recovery could occur.These results provide some indication that microbreaks areinstrumental in reducing fatigue and associated performancedecrements in data entry work, and that workers tend to prolongmicrobreaks in relation to the experience of fatigue. However,the data also suggest that allowing worker discretion inregulating the length of short breaks is not an effective meansfor combatting fatigue since performance does not recoverfully.KEYWORDS:Rest breaks, fatigue, performanceTEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WWDU 1989107TEV 1989 — DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCE SCIENTIFIQUE INTERNATIONALE • MONTRÉAL • SECOND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE — WWDU 1989125
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DEUXIÈME CONFÉRENCESCIENTIFIQUE I
Page 9 and 10: Résumés /AbstractsTEV 1989 — DE
Page 11 and 12: VDU USE IN SCHOOLSBengt Knave, Depa
Page 13 and 14: A TWO-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF VISUA
Page 15 and 16: ETUDE ERGONOMIQUE DU POSTE DE COMMA
Page 17 and 18: OPTIMAL CONTRAST RATIOS FOR VDTsHar
Page 19 and 20: VISUAL COMPLAINTS, EYE IMPAIRMENT A
Page 21 and 22: STRESS AND STRAIN ON CAD-WORK - RES
Page 23 and 24: NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES, QUALIFICATI
Page 25 and 26: NEW TECHNOLOGY AND WORKERS' HEALTH:
Page 27 and 28: 6TRAIN ANALYSIS AT WORD PROCESSING
Page 29 and 30: LEARNING BY DISCOVERY : PROCEDURAL
Page 31 and 32: Action facilitation approach to hum
Page 33 and 34: MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS IN RELATIO
Page 35 and 36: ARE THERE VISUAL INTERACTIONS BETWE
Page 37 and 38: 53AN EVALUATION OF VDT OPERATIONS T
Page 39 and 40: 1-2 - 59FROM TEXT COHERENCE TO INTE
Page 41 and 42: PS 2THE EFFECT OF GRAPHIC COMPLEXIT
Page 43 and 44: PS 2 66EYE-CATCHER: A LOW-COST EYE-
Page 45 and 46: Il 70VDT WORK RELATED FACTORS AND P
Page 47 and 48: THE USE OF VISUAL DISPLAY UNITSIN D
Page 49 and 50: BtUlllBlPanel on the consequences o
Page 51 and 52: MEASURING METHOD OF SPECULAR REFLEC
Page 53: :3 89VDT LEGISLATION AND REGULATION
Page 57 and 58: REPERES POUR UNE DEMARCHE ET UNE ME
Page 59 and 60: H.î 98H3 99COMPLAINTS OF DISCOMFOR
Page 61 and 62: AN OUTBREAK OF FACIAL SKIN RASH IN
Page 63 and 64: THE EFFECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF
Page 65 and 66: PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF USING CAD-S
Page 67 and 68: ACCOMMODATION CONTROL AND COLORED I
Page 69 and 70: HEALTH ASPECTS 01" WORK WITH VDU-S.
Page 71 and 72: SKIN COMPLAINTS AND VDU WORK; AN EP
Page 73 and 74: COMPETENCE MODELLING IN CONSULTATIO
Page 75 and 76: ROOM LIGHTING FOR VDU OF PARTIALLY
Page 77 and 78: A ERGONOMICALLY DESIGNED VDT WORKST
Page 79 and 80: l'SlINFORMATISATION ET ECLAIRAGE DA
Page 81 and 82: K1 139REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE:
Page 83 and 84: EXPERIENCES FROM TWO YEARS' OF AUTH
Page 85 and 86: A NEW SWEDISH STANDARD FOR MEASURIN
Page 87 and 88: CENTRAL PROGRAMME FOR BETTER VDU CO
Page 89 and 90: WÊÊÈMmMTFA AS A METRIC FOR COMMU
Page 91 and 92: U 161MEASUREMENTS OF ELF AND RF ELE
Page 93 and 94: jaTINTED GLASSES VERSUS EXERCISE FO
Page 95 and 96: THE USEFULNESS OF AN OPHTALMIC LENS
Page 97 and 98: COMPUTERIZATION AND SICKNESS ABSENC
Page 99 and 100: HUMAN INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS FOR IN
Page 101 and 102: SWEDISH STRATEGIES ON EUROPEAN ERGO
Page 103 and 104: PRÉSENTATION AlUHO-VISI iEI.l i;AU
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AuteurAuthorDate et heureHour and d
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EFFECTS OF PULSED MAGNETIC FIELDS O
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