Hema Kasinathan Thesis May 1 2012.pdf - Atrium - University of ...

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pathogen in the Holland Marsh area where the Muck Crop Research Station is located(Conners et al. 1956). There are no reports showing the presence of clubroot on canola inthe Prairie Provinces until 2003, but there were a few unpublished reports of the diseaseon Brassica vegetables in cultivated fields and home gardens in that region (Howard et al.2010, MAFRI 2009).Clubroot has recently been recognized as an important disease problem in Canadabecause of its occurrence and spread on canola in Alberta. In 2003, the disease wasreported for the first time on canola in Alberta in 12 canola fields near Edmonton (Tewariet al. 2005). Since then, the disease has spread very rapidly. There were 250 infestedfields in 2007 (Strelkov et al. 2008), 450 fields in 2009 and over 566 fields in 2010(Strelkov et al. 2011). Random collection of soil samples from Saskatchewan in 2008confirmed the presence of pathogen DNA in one field (Canola Council of Canada 2010),and clubroot was confirmed in two canola fields in north-central Saskatchewan inOctober of 2011 (Saskatchewan Canola Development Commission 2011).1.2 TaxonomyMikhail Woronin (1878) was the first to recognize that the causal agent forclubroot on Brassica crops in Russia was Plasmodiophora brassicae. He classified thepathogen as a plasmodiophorous organism; that is, belonging to the endoparasitic slimemoulds. All of the plasmodiophorids fall under this discrete monophyletic group, whichmeans that the members of this group all share common characteristics derived fromancestors, including cruciform nuclear division. In addition, the plasmodiophorids haveother common features: zoospores with two anterior whiplash flagella of unequal length,2
multinucleate plasmodia, long-lived resting spores, and all are obligate pathogens orparasites (Braselton 1995). These organisms were placed in the phylumPlasmodiophoromycota in the Kingdom Protozoa (Barr 1992). This kingdom occupies acrucial position between the Monera and the derived kingdoms Plantae, Fungi andAnimalia (Cavalier-Smith 1999). There has been a long and on-going debate aboutwhether Plasmodiophorids should be placed under protists or under fungi. The basicmorphological characters that separate fungi from protozoans are that fungi are mostlyheterotrophs, have plate-like cristae, are multicellular, and have chitinous cell walls(Cavalier-Smith 1993). Thus, based on the basal root flagellar characters and the type ofmitochondrial cristae, the Plasmodiopphoriods are placed under the kingdom Protozoa(Barr 1992, Cavalier-Smith 1993).The Plasmodiophoraceae family currently consists of 10 genera and 35 species(Braselton 1995). Analysis of ribosomal RNA confirmed that the genus Plasmodiophorashould be placed in the Kingdom Protist and the phylum Plasmodiophoromycota(Castlebury and Domier 1998). The classification of P. brassicae is:Kingdom: ProtozoaPhylum: PlasmodiophoromycotaClass: PlasmodiophoromycetesOrder: PlasmodiophoridaFamily: PlasmodiophoraceaeGenus: PlasmodiophoraSpecies: P. brassicae3
Page 1 and 2: Influence of pH, Temperature, and B
Page 3 and 4: and Lee). The mean clubroot inciden
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
Page 7: 6 APPENDIX: 2 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF ACRONYMSANOVABDCIAnalysis o
Page 14 and 15: 1.2.1 PathotypesHonig (1931) was th
Page 16: were distinguished using only three
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 HostsIn general, hosts of P. br
Page 21 and 22: erucic acid and 30 µmoles glucosin
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.2. Economically important B
Page 25 and 26: July and August. The temperature du
Page 27 and 28: (Colhoun 1953). Studies on differen
Page 29 and 30: Soil compaction, which has been ass
Page 31 and 32: calcium source resulted in a small
Page 33 and 34: effective against P. brassicae has
Page 35 and 36: are filamentous rod-shaped gram-pos
Page 37 and 38: another study, the biofungicides Se
Page 39 and 40: Oomycetes and plasmodiophorids at v
Page 41 and 42: has been no systematic study of the
Page 43 and 44: 2 CHAPTER 2INFLUENCE OF pH AND TEMP
Page 45 and 46: The optimum temperatures for clubro
Page 47 and 48: When the cotyledons were fully expa
Page 49 and 50: the plants were watered with deioni
Page 51 and 52: dehisced sporangia looked like empt
Page 53 and 54: epetition. There was no repetition
Page 55 and 56: RHI = -169.14 + 27.54 (temp°) - 0.
Page 57 and 58: on canola seedlings at 12 days afte
Page 59 and 60: The individual regression analysis
Page 61 and 62: Multiple regression equations were
Page 63 and 64:
hair infection was strongly and pos
Page 65 and 66:
(Macfarlane and Last 1959, Myers an
Page 67 and 68:
temperature (Adhikari, 2010, Gossen
Page 69 and 70:
3.2 IntroductionClubroot of crucife
Page 71 and 72:
organic soil, whereas only 25% wate
Page 73 and 74:
(1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713),
Page 75 and 76:
2. To assess the interaction of pat
Page 77 and 78:
and the spray width was approximate
Page 79 and 80:
3.3.2 Field trials - Napa cabbageTw
Page 81 and 82:
Four types of growth media were ass
Page 83 and 84:
treatments (described in detail in
Page 85 and 86:
Field capacity (%) =(Initial weight
Page 87 and 88:
3.4 Data analysisThe data were anal
Page 89 and 90:
Analysis of variance was conducted
Page 91 and 92:
etween clubroot severity and cumula
Page 93 and 94:
growth medium) for severity, but no
Page 95 and 96:
B) Saturated canola - Clubroot inci
Page 97 and 98:
10080A) Drained trialab ab bcaabPos
Page 99 and 100:
3.6.2 Experiment 2 - Shanghai pak c
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3.5 Analysis of variance for
Page 103 and 104:
A three-way interaction (biofungici
Page 105 and 106:
correlated with micro-pore volume.
Page 107 and 108:
negative correlation between clubro
Page 109 and 110:
that a greater number of assessment
Page 111 and 112:
supports the observations of previo
Page 113 and 114:
In Experiment 3, both Prestop and S
Page 115 and 116:
depending on factors such as soil m
Page 117 and 118:
growth room trials, up to 6 x 10 9
Page 119 and 120:
Biofungicides have been included as
Page 121 and 122:
esults indicate that application of
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growth in rhizopshere zone (Mikkels
Page 125 and 126:
iofungicides varies with the growth
Page 127 and 128:
Bremer, H., B. Wehnelt, and E. Bran
Page 129 and 130:
Dobson, R., R. L. Gabrielson, and A
Page 131 and 132:
Hwang, S. F., S. E. Strelkov, B. D.
Page 133 and 134:
Mitani, S., K. Sugimoto, H. Hayashi
Page 135 and 136:
PMRA 2008. Registration Decision fo
Page 137 and 138:
Tommerup, I. C., and D. S. Ingram.
Page 139 and 140:
5 APPENDIX 1: ANOVA TABLES FOR CHAP
Page 141 and 142:
Clubroot severity: Multiple regress
Page 143 and 144:
7 APPENDIX 3: ANOVA TABLES FOR CHAP
Page 145 and 146:
2011 - Root weight of 10 plantsSour
Page 147 and 148:
Runs 1 and 2 combined DSIRandom eff
Page 149 and 150:
Table. A3.9 Interaction of biofungi
Page 151 and 152:
9 APPENDIX: 5 RAW DATA FOR CHAPTER
Page 153 and 154:
CI- Clubroot incidence (%); - Not d
Page 155 and 156:
25 7.0 3 43.66 4.33 15.89 20.33 56.
Page 157 and 158:
10 APPENDIX 6 RAW DATA FOR CHAPTER
Page 159 and 160:
Raw data for growth room trials Exp
Page 161 and 162:
Soilless P6 Prestop 1 6.67 10.00 24
Page 163 and 164:
Sand P3 Prestop 1 86.11 100.00 80.0
Page 165 and 166:
Mineral T5 - 1 80.00 50.00 70.00 43
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