Gentili, E., D. Tasselli, M. Coatti, and M. Manaresi. 2002. Cyaz<strong>of</strong>amid: fungicide witha new mode <strong>of</strong> action for the control <strong>of</strong> grape downy mildew. Università degliStudi di Bologna, Bologna.Glick, B. R., and Y. Bashan. 1997. Genetic manipulation <strong>of</strong> plant growth‒promotingbacteria to enhance biocontrol <strong>of</strong> phytopathogens. Biotechnol. Adv., 15: 353‒378.Gossen, B. D., M. R. McDonald, S. F. Hwang, and K. K. C. Kalpana. 2009. Managingseeding date to minimize clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) damage in canolaand vegetable Brassicas. Proc. Intern. Clubroot Workshop, Kunming, China. Sept.15–19, Pages 34‒40.Griffin, D. M., and G. Quail. 1968. Movement <strong>of</strong> bacteria in moist particulate systems.Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 21: 579‒582.Guo, Z. j., H. Miyoshi, T. Komyoji, T. Haga, and T. Fujita. 1991. Uncoupling activity<strong>of</strong> a newly developed fungicide, fluazinam[3‒chloro‒N‒(3‒chloro‒2,6‒dinitro‒4‒trifluoromethylphenyl)‒5‒trifluoromethyl‒2‒pyridinamine]. Biochim. Biophy. Acta (BBA) ‒ Bioenerg.., 1056: 89‒92.Hall, B. 2007. Ontario Canola Growers Guidelines. The Ontario Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,Food and Rural Affairs. Available from:http://www.ontariocanolagrowers.ca/Production%20Info/winterCanola%202007.pdfHamilton, H. A., and R. Crete. 1978. Influence <strong>of</strong> soil moisture, soil pH, and limingsources on the incidence <strong>of</strong> clubroot, the germination and growth <strong>of</strong> cabbageproduced in mineral and organic soils under controlled conditions. Can. J. PlantSci., 58: 45‒53.Hartman, M. 2010. Crop rotation and clubroot disease in canola. in: Alberta agricultureand rural development board. Available from:http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/flippingbook/agdex/140_638‒1/html/index.html#/2/.Hata, S., Y. Sumi, and M. Ohi. 2002. Dry powder and extract <strong>of</strong> Posidonia australisHook. F., a species <strong>of</strong> seagrass, stimulate the germination <strong>of</strong> the pathogenPlasmodiophora brassicae and control clubroot <strong>of</strong> Chinese cabbage. J. Japan.Soc. Hort. Sci., 71: 197‒ 202.Hildebrand, P. D., and K. B. Mcrae. 1998. Control <strong>of</strong> clubroot caused byPlasmodiophora brassicae with nonionic surfactants. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 20: 1–11.Honig, F. 1931. Der Kohlkropferreger (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor) EineMonographie. Gartenbauwiss, 5: 116–225.Howard, R. J., S. E. Strelkov, and M. W. Harding. 2010. Clubroot <strong>of</strong> cruciferouscrops - new perspectives on an old disease. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 32: 43–57.Hwang, S. F., H. U. Ahmed, S. E. Strelkov, B. D. Gossen, G. D. Turnbull, G. Peng,and R. J. Howard. 2011a. Seedling age and inoculum density affect clubrootseverity and seed yield in canola. Can. J. Plant Sci., 91: 183‒190.120
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Influence of pH, Temperature, and B
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and Lee). The mean clubroot inciden
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
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6 APPENDIX: 2 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES
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LIST OF ACRONYMSANOVABDCIAnalysis o
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pathogen in the Holland Marsh area
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1.2.1 PathotypesHonig (1931) was th
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were distinguished using only three
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1.3 HostsIn general, hosts of P. br
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erucic acid and 30 µmoles glucosin
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Table 1.2. Economically important B
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July and August. The temperature du
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(Colhoun 1953). Studies on differen
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Soil compaction, which has been ass
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calcium source resulted in a small
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effective against P. brassicae has
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are filamentous rod-shaped gram-pos
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another study, the biofungicides Se
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Oomycetes and plasmodiophorids at v
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has been no systematic study of the
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2 CHAPTER 2INFLUENCE OF pH AND TEMP
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The optimum temperatures for clubro
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When the cotyledons were fully expa
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the plants were watered with deioni
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dehisced sporangia looked like empt
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epetition. There was no repetition
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RHI = -169.14 + 27.54 (temp°) - 0.
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on canola seedlings at 12 days afte
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The individual regression analysis
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Multiple regression equations were
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hair infection was strongly and pos
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(Macfarlane and Last 1959, Myers an
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temperature (Adhikari, 2010, Gossen
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3.2 IntroductionClubroot of crucife
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organic soil, whereas only 25% wate
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(1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713),
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2. To assess the interaction of pat
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and the spray width was approximate
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