Hema Kasinathan Thesis May 1 2012.pdf - Atrium - University of ...

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Figure 1.1. Important stages in the lifecycle of Plasmodiophora brassicaeA. club symptoms on canola root, B. resting spores in soil (x500), C. zoosporangia in roothairs (x1250), and D secondary plasmodia in cortical cells (x1250).1.2.3 Symptoms of clubrootThe first above-ground symptom of clubroot is wilting of the infected plantsunder warm, dry weather conditions. Infected plants regain turgidity at night or undercool, moist conditions and appear normal. Severely infected plants may be stunted andlodge readily (Cheah et al. 2000, Conners et al. 1956, Voorrips 1995). Wilting is theresult of the galls formed in the roots, which interfere with movement of water andnutrients (Voorrips 1995). Plant growth can also be reduced. For example, cabbage plantsinfected with P. brassicae unfold one leaf every 9 days, compared to one leaf every 4days on healthy plants (Macfarlane and Last 1959). Brassica crops such as cabbage andturnips may even be killed (Karling 1968).8
1.3 HostsIn general, hosts of P. brassicae are found in the family Brassicaeae. The familyBrassicaceae includes 350 genera and 3700 species of herbaceous crops and weeds thatinclude annual, biennial, and perennial species (Karling 1968, Dixon 2009). Clubroot wasfirst identified on cultivated Brassica vegetables by Woronin (1878), who also reportedthe occurrence of clubroot on candytuft (Iberis umbellate), an ornamental plant in thefamily Brassicaceae, and on a range of other plants (Karling 1968). Root hair infection byP. brassicae has been observed in various non-Brassica crops from early times (Karling1968, Macfarlane 1952). Root hair infection occurs in non-host plants such as lettuce(Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), butthese plants do not produce clubs (Murakami et al. 2001). However, some non-Brassicaplants develop clubs upon infection by P. brassicae, including nasturtium (Tropaeolummajus L.) and beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (Muller et al. 1999). Several important susceptibleBrassica and non-Brassica hosts are listed in Table 1.1.9
Page 1 and 2: Influence of pH, Temperature, and B
Page 3 and 4: and Lee). The mean clubroot inciden
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
Page 7: 6 APPENDIX: 2 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF ACRONYMSANOVABDCIAnalysis o
Page 12 and 13: pathogen in the Holland Marsh area
Page 14 and 15: 1.2.1 PathotypesHonig (1931) was th
Page 16: were distinguished using only three
Page 21 and 22: erucic acid and 30 µmoles glucosin
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.2. Economically important B
Page 25 and 26: July and August. The temperature du
Page 27 and 28: (Colhoun 1953). Studies on differen
Page 29 and 30: Soil compaction, which has been ass
Page 31 and 32: calcium source resulted in a small
Page 33 and 34: effective against P. brassicae has
Page 35 and 36: are filamentous rod-shaped gram-pos
Page 37 and 38: another study, the biofungicides Se
Page 39 and 40: Oomycetes and plasmodiophorids at v
Page 41 and 42: has been no systematic study of the
Page 43 and 44: 2 CHAPTER 2INFLUENCE OF pH AND TEMP
Page 45 and 46: The optimum temperatures for clubro
Page 47 and 48: When the cotyledons were fully expa
Page 49 and 50: the plants were watered with deioni
Page 51 and 52: dehisced sporangia looked like empt
Page 53 and 54: epetition. There was no repetition
Page 55 and 56: RHI = -169.14 + 27.54 (temp°) - 0.
Page 57 and 58: on canola seedlings at 12 days afte
Page 59 and 60: The individual regression analysis
Page 61 and 62: Multiple regression equations were
Page 63 and 64: hair infection was strongly and pos
Page 65 and 66: (Macfarlane and Last 1959, Myers an
Page 67 and 68:
temperature (Adhikari, 2010, Gossen
Page 69 and 70:
3.2 IntroductionClubroot of crucife
Page 71 and 72:
organic soil, whereas only 25% wate
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(1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713),
Page 75 and 76:
2. To assess the interaction of pat
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and the spray width was approximate
Page 79 and 80:
3.3.2 Field trials - Napa cabbageTw
Page 81 and 82:
Four types of growth media were ass
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treatments (described in detail in
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Field capacity (%) =(Initial weight
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3.4 Data analysisThe data were anal
Page 89 and 90:
Analysis of variance was conducted
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etween clubroot severity and cumula
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growth medium) for severity, but no
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B) Saturated canola - Clubroot inci
Page 97 and 98:
10080A) Drained trialab ab bcaabPos
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3.6.2 Experiment 2 - Shanghai pak c
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3.5 Analysis of variance for
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A three-way interaction (biofungici
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correlated with micro-pore volume.
Page 107 and 108:
negative correlation between clubro
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that a greater number of assessment
Page 111 and 112:
supports the observations of previo
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In Experiment 3, both Prestop and S
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depending on factors such as soil m
Page 117 and 118:
growth room trials, up to 6 x 10 9
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Biofungicides have been included as
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esults indicate that application of
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growth in rhizopshere zone (Mikkels
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iofungicides varies with the growth
Page 127 and 128:
Bremer, H., B. Wehnelt, and E. Bran
Page 129 and 130:
Dobson, R., R. L. Gabrielson, and A
Page 131 and 132:
Hwang, S. F., S. E. Strelkov, B. D.
Page 133 and 134:
Mitani, S., K. Sugimoto, H. Hayashi
Page 135 and 136:
PMRA 2008. Registration Decision fo
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Tommerup, I. C., and D. S. Ingram.
Page 139 and 140:
5 APPENDIX 1: ANOVA TABLES FOR CHAP
Page 141 and 142:
Clubroot severity: Multiple regress
Page 143 and 144:
7 APPENDIX 3: ANOVA TABLES FOR CHAP
Page 145 and 146:
2011 - Root weight of 10 plantsSour
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Runs 1 and 2 combined DSIRandom eff
Page 149 and 150:
Table. A3.9 Interaction of biofungi
Page 151 and 152:
9 APPENDIX: 5 RAW DATA FOR CHAPTER
Page 153 and 154:
CI- Clubroot incidence (%); - Not d
Page 155 and 156:
25 7.0 3 43.66 4.33 15.89 20.33 56.
Page 157 and 158:
10 APPENDIX 6 RAW DATA FOR CHAPTER
Page 159 and 160:
Raw data for growth room trials Exp
Page 161 and 162:
Soilless P6 Prestop 1 6.67 10.00 24
Page 163 and 164:
Sand P3 Prestop 1 86.11 100.00 80.0
Page 165 and 166:
Mineral T5 - 1 80.00 50.00 70.00 43
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