GAWK: Effective AWK Programming

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336 GAWK: Effective AWK Programming--traditional option, --posix option and . . . 181--usage option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179--use-lc-numeric option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181--version option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181--with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269-f option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 177-F option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 177-F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181-f option, on command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181-F option, troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185-mf/-mr options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178-O option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178-v option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178-v option, variables, assigning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-W option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.. (period) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.mo files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.mo files, converting from .po . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.mo files, specifying directory of . . . . . . . . . . 161, 162.po files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 163.po files, converting to .mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167// (forward slash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24/ (forward slash), / operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95/ (forward slash), /= operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 95/ (forward slash), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexpconstant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86/ (forward slash), patterns and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97/= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant . . . . . . . . 86/dev/... special files (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69/inet/ files (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172/p files (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173;; (semicolon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and. . . . . . . . . . . 273; (semicolon), separating statements in actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 102 (right angle bracket), > operator. . . . . . . . . . 89, 95> (right angle bracket), > operator (I/O) . . . . . . . 66> (right angle bracket), >= operator. . . . . . . . . 89, 95> (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) . . 67, 95?? (question mark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 31? (question mark), ?: operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95[[] (square brackets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27^^ (caret) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 31^ (caret), ^ operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 180^ (caret), ^= operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 95, 180^ (caret), in character lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29‘^’, in FS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44_ (underscore), _ C macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161_ (underscore), in names of private variables . . 187_ (underscore), translatable string . . . . . . . . . . . . 163_gr_init user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211_pw_init user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208{{} (braces), actions and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101{} (braces), pgawk program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175{} (braces), statements, grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102\\ (backslash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 14, 15, 27\ (backslash), \" escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\ (backslash), \’ operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), \/ escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\ (backslash), \< operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), \> operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), \‘ operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), \a escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \b escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \B operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), \f escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \n escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \nnn escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \r escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \t escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \v escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \w operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), \W operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Index 337\ (backslash), \x escape sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ (backslash), \y operator (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ (backslash), as field separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\ (backslash), continuing lines and . . . . . . . . 21, 224\ (backslash), continuing lines and, comments and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ (backslash), continuing lines and, in csh . . 20, 21\ (backslash), gsub/gensub/sub functions and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140\ (backslash), in character lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\ (backslash), in escape sequences . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26\ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\ (backslash), regexp constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34|| (vertical bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28| (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) . . . . . . . 54, 67, 95| (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) . . 56, 68, 95, 170| (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), pipes, closing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73| (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), two-waycommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173| (vertical bar), || operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 95~~ (tilde), ~ operator . . . . . . 32, 34, 76, 89, 90, 95, 97Aaccessing fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39account information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 210actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101actions, control statements in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102actions, default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18actions, empty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18adding, features to gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284adding, fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41adding, functions to gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287advanced features, buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145advanced features, close function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73advanced features, constants, values of . . . . . . . . . 76advanced features, data files as single record . . . 39advanced features, fixed-width data . . . . . . . . . . . . 48advanced features, FNR/NR variables . . . . . . . . . . . 116advanced features, gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169advanced features, gawk, BSD portals . . . . . . . . . 173advanced features, gawk, network programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172advanced features, gawk, nondecimal input data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169advanced features, gawk, processes, communicatingwith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170advanced features, network connections, See Alsonetworks, connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169advanced features, null strings, matching. . . . . . 143advanced features, operators, precedence . . . . . . . 87advanced features, piping into sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68advanced features, regexp constants . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Aho, Alfred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 263alarm clock example program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236alarm.awk program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Alpha (DEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7amazing awk assembler (aaa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306amazingly workable formatter (awf). . . . . . . . . . . 306ambiguity, syntactic: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexpconstant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86ampersand (&), && operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91ampersand (&), &&operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95ampersand (&), gsub/gensub/sub functions and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140AND bitwise operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150and Boolean-logic operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91and function (gawk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151ANSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306archeologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280ARGC/ARGV variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 116ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and . . . . . . . . . . . 14ARGIND variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113ARGIND variable, command-line arguments. . . . . 182arguments, command-line . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 116, 182arguments, command-line, invoking awk . . . . . . . 177arguments, in function calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93arguments, processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201arguments, retrieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289arithmetic operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119arrays, as parameters to functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 156arrays, associative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119arrays, associative, clearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288arrays, associative, library functions and . . . . . . 187arrays, deleting entire contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123arrays, elements, assigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121arrays, elements, deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123arrays, elements, installing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288arrays, elements, order of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123arrays, elements, referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120arrays, elements, retrieving number of . . . . . . . . 132arrays, for statement and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122arrays, IGNORECASE variable and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120arrays, indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119arrays, merging into strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195arrays, multidimensional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125arrays, multidimensional, scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . 127arrays, names of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119arrays, scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122arrays, sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and . . . . . . 129arrays, sparse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120arrays, subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as . . . 125
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