GAWK: Effective AWK Programming

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342 GAWK: Effective AWK Programmingexclamation point (!), ! operator . . . . . . 92, 95, 223exclamation point (!), != operator . . . . . . . . . 89, 95exclamation point (!), !~ operator . . 24, 32, 34, 76,89, 90, 95, 97exit statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109exit status, of gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184exp function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131expand utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75expressions, as patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96expressions, assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83expressions, Boolean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91expressions, comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87expressions, conditional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92expressions, matching, See comparison expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87expressions, selecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Extended Regular Expressions (EREs) . . . . . . . . . 29extension function (gawk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296extensions, Bell Laboratories awk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259extensions, in gawk, not in POSIX awk . . . . . . . . 260extensions, mawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282extract.awk program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246extraction, of marked strings (internationalization). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Ffalse, logical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87FDL (Free Documentation License) . . . . . . . . . . . 327features, adding to gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284features, advanced, See advanced features . . . . . 184features, deprecated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184features, undocumented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Fenlason, Jay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 263fflush function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143fflush function, unsupported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180field numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40field operator $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39field operators, dollar sign as. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39field separators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 111, 112field separators, choice of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and . . . . 111field separators, in multiline records. . . . . . . . . . . . 50field separators, on command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45field separators, POSIX and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 47field separators, regular expressions as . . . . . . 43, 44field separators, See Also OFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41field separators, spaces as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 39, 301fields, adding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41fields, changing contents of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41fields, cutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215fields, examining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39fields, number of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39fields, numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40fields, printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59fields, separating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43fields, single-character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45FIELDWIDTHS variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 111file descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69file names, distinguishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114file names, in compatibility mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71file names, standard streams in gawk . . . . . . . . . . . 69FILENAME variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 114FILENAME variable, getline, setting with . . . . . . . 56filenames, assignments as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200files, .mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161files, .mo, converting from .po . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167files, .mo, specifying directory of . . . . . . . . . 161, 162files, .po. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 163files, .po, converting to .mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167files, /dev/... special files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69files, /inet/ (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172files, /p (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173files, as single records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39files, awk programs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12files, awkprof.out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173files, awkvars.out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179files, closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143files, descriptors, See file descriptors. . . . . . . . . . . . 69files, for process information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70files, group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210files, information about, retrieving . . . . . . . . . . . . 292files, initialization and cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197files, input, See input files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12files, log, timestamps in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146files, managing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197files, managing, data file boundaries . . . . . . . . . . 197files, message object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161files, message object, converting from portableobject files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167files, message object, specifying directory of . . 161,162files, multiple passes over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183files, multiple, duplicating output into . . . . . . . . 228files, output, See output files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71files, password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206files, portable object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 163files, portable object, converting to message objectfiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167files, portable object, generating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179files, portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173files, processing, ARGIND variable and. . . . . . . . . . 114files, reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198files, reading, multiline records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49files, searching for regular expressions . . . . . . . . . 220files, skipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199files, source, search path for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255files, splitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226files, Texinfo, extracting programs from . . . . . . . 245Fish, Fred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264fixed-width data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48flag variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 228floating-point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303floating-point, numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Index 343floating-point, numbers, AWKNUM internal type . . 288FNR variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 114FNR variable, changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116for statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104for statement, in arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122force_number internal function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288force_string internal function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288format specifiers, mixing regular with positionalspecifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165format specifiers, printf statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 61format specifiers, strftime function (gawk) . . . 147format strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61formats, numeric output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60formatting output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61forward slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24forward slash (/), / operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95forward slash (/), /= operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 95forward slash (/), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexpconstant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86forward slash (/), patterns and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Free Documentation License (FDL) . . . . . . . . . . . 327Free Software Foundation (FSF) . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 310free_temp internal macro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289FreeBSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314FS variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 111FS variable, --field-separator option and . . . 177FS variable, as null string. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45FS variable, as TAB character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180FS variable, changing value of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 185FS variable, running awk programs and . . . . . . . . 216FS variable, setting from command line . . . . . . . . 45FS, containing ‘^’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44FSF (Free Software Foundation) . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 310function calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93functions, arrays as parameters to . . . . . . . . . . . . 156functions, built-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 130functions, built-in, adding to gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . 287functions, built-in, evaluation order . . . . . . . . . . . 130functions, defining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153functions, library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186functions, library, assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190functions, library, associative arrays and . . . . . . 187functions, library, C library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201functions, library, character values as numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193functions, library, Cliff random numbers . . . . . . 193functions, library, command-line options . . . . . . 201functions, library, example program for using . . 249functions, library, group database, reading . . . . 210functions, library, managing data files . . . . . . . . . 197functions, library, managing time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195functions, library, merging arrays into strings . . 195functions, library, nextfile statement . . . . . . . . 188functions, library, rounding numbers . . . . . . . . . . 192functions, library, user database, reading . . . . . . 206functions, names of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 153functions, recursive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154functions, return values, setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290functions, string-translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152functions, undefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157functions, user-defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153functions, user-defined, calling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156functions, user-defined, counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175functions, user-defined, library of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statementsand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 109GG-d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Garfinkle, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264gawk, awk and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5gawk, bitwise operations in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151gawk, break statement in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107gawk, built-in variables and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110gawk, character classes and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31gawk, coding style in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284gawk, command-line options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32gawk, comparison operators and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90gawk, configuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269gawk, configuring, options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269gawk, continue statement in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108gawk, debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185gawk, distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265gawk, escape sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26gawk, extensions, disabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180gawk, features, adding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284gawk, features, advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169gawk, fflush function in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144gawk, field separators and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111gawk, file names in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69gawk, format-control characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63gawk, function arguments and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130gawk, functions, adding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287gawk, hexadecimal numbers and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76gawk, IGNORECASE variable in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112gawk, implementation issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284gawk, implementation issues, debugging . . . . . . . 284gawk, implementation issues, downwardcompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284gawk, implementation issues, limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56gawk, implementation issues, pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68gawk, installing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265gawk, internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287gawk, internationalization and, Seeinternationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160gawk, interpreter, adding code to . . . . . . . . . 296, 299gawk, interval expressions and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29gawk, line continuation in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92gawk, LINT variable in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112gawk, list of contributors to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263gawk, MS-DOS version of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273gawk, newlines in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21gawk, next file statement in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109gawk, nextfile statement in . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 188
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