GAWK: Effective AWK Programming

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340 GAWK: Effective AWK Programmingcommand-line options, string extraction. . . . . . . 164commenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14commenting, backslash continuation and . . . . . . . 22comp.lang.awk newsgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280comparison expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87comparison expressions, as patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . 96comparison expressions, string vs. regexp. . . . . . . 90compatibility mode (gawk), extensions . . . . . . . . 260compatibility mode (gawk), file names . . . . . . . . . . 71compatibility mode (gawk), hexadecimal numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers. . . . . . 76compatibility mode (gawk), specifying . . . . . . . . . 178compiled programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300, 308compl function (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151complement, bitwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150compound statements, control statements and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102concatenating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82conditional expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92configuration option,--disable-directories-fatal . . . . . . . . . . 269configuration option, --disable-lint. . . . . . . . . 269configuration option, --disable-nls . . . . . . . . . . 269configuration option, --enable-portals . . . . . . 269configuration option, --enable-switch . . . . . . . 269configuration option,--with-whiny-user-strftime. . . . . . . . . . . . 269configuration options, gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269constants, nondecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169constants, types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75continue statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107control statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102converting, case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140converting, dates to timestamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147converting, during subscripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124converting, numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79converting, numbers, to strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152converting, strings to numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79CONVFMT variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 111CONVFMT variable, array subscripts and . . . . . . . . 124coprocesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 170coprocesses, closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71coprocesses, getline from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56cos function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233csh utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21csh utility, |& operator, comparison with. . . . . . 170csh utility, backslash continuation and . . . . . . . . . 20csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182ctime user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155currency symbols, localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161custom.h file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270cut utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215cut.awk program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Dd.c., See dark corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7dark corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 86, 87, 308dark corner, ‘^’, in FS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44dark corner, array subscripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125dark corner, break statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107dark corner, close function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73dark corner, command-line arguments. . . . . . . . . . 79dark corner, continue statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108dark corner, CONVFMT variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79dark corner, escape sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27dark corner, exit statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110dark corner, field separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47dark corner, FILENAME variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 114dark corner, FNR/NR variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116dark corner, format-control characters . . . . . . 62, 63dark corner, FS as null string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45dark corner, input files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37dark corner, invoking awk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177dark corner, length function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133dark corner, multiline records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50dark corner, NF variable, decrementing . . . . . . . . . 42dark corner, OFMT variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61dark corner, regexp constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments touser-defined functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77dark corner, split function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136dark corner, strings, storing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39data, fixed-width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48data-driven languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301database, group, reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210database, users, reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206date utility, GNU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146date utility, POSIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149dates, converting to timestamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147dates, information related to, localization . . . . . 162Davies, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 281dcgettext function (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 162dcgettext function (gawk), portability and . . . 165dcngettext function (gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 162dcngettext function (gawk), portability and . . 165deadlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171debugging gawk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185debugging gawk, bug reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280decimal point character, locale specific . . . . . . . . 180decrement operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86default keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Deifik, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 264, 281delete statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123deleting elements in arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123deleting entire arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123differences between gawk and awk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Index 341differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable . . 113differences in awk and gawk, array elements,deleting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123differences in awk and gawk, AWKPATH environmentvariable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183differences in awk and gawk, BEGIN/END patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 274differences in awk and gawk, close function . . . . 73differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable. . . . 114differences in awk and gawk, error messages. . . . . 69differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111differences in awk and gawk, function arguments(gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130differences in awk and gawk, getline command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52differences in awk and gawk, IGNORECASE variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111differences in awk and gawk, implementationlimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 68differences in awk and gawk, input/outputoperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 68differences in awk and gawk, line continuations . . 92differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable . . . . . 112differences in awk and gawk, match function . . . 135differences in awk and gawk, next/nextfilestatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109differences in awk and gawk, print/printfstatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array . . . 115differences in awk and gawk, record separators . . 38differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants. . . 77differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables . . . . 38differences in awk and gawk, RT variable . . . . . . . 116differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45differences in awk and gawk, split function . . . 136differences in awk and gawk, strings . . . . . . . . . . . . 75differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing . . . . 39differences in awk and gawk, strtonum function(gawk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 137differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82directories, changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292directories, searching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 255division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81do-while statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 104documentation, of awk programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186documentation, online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7documents, searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235dollar sign ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27dollar sign ($), $ field operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 94dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays . . 86double quote (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15double quote ("), regexp constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34double-precision floating-point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Drepper, Ulrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9DuBois, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9dupnode internal function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289dupword.awk program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236EEBCDIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194egrep utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 220egrep.awk program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221elements in arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120elements in arrays, assigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121elements in arrays, deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123elements in arrays, order of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123elements in arrays, scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122email address for bug reports, bug-gawk@gnu.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280EMISTERED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172empty pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100empty strings, See null strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44END pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99END pattern, assert user-defined function and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192END pattern, backslash continuation and . . . . . . 224END pattern, Boolean patterns and . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97END pattern, exit statement and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109END pattern, next/nextfile statements and . . 100,108END pattern, operators and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99END pattern, pgawk program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174END pattern, print statement and. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100endfile user-defined function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198endgrent function (C library) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214endgrent user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214endpwent function (C library) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209endpwent user-defined function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209ENVIRON variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 290environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114epoch, definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309equals sign (=), = operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83equals sign (=), == operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 95EREs (Extended Regular Expressions) . . . . . . . . . 29ERRNO variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 114, 290error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69error handling, ERRNO variable and . . . . . . . . . . . . 114error output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69escape processing, gsub/gensub/sub functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140escape sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25escape sequences, unrecognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180evaluation order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87evaluation order, concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83evaluation order, functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130examining fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
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