GAWK: Effective AWK Programming

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74 GAWK: Effective AWK Programmingor process. In these cases, gawk sets the built-in variable ERRNO to a string describing theproblem.In gawk, when closing a pipe or coprocess (input or output), the return value is theexit status of the command. 3 Otherwise, it is the return value from the system’s close orfclose C functions when closing input or output files, respectively. This value is zero ifthe close succeeds, or −1 if it fails.The POSIX standard is very vague; it says that close returns zero on success and nonzerootherwise. In general, different implementations vary in what they report when closingpipes; thus the return value cannot be used portably.3This is a full 16-bit value as returned by the wait system call.information on how to decode this value.See the system manual pages for
Chapter 5: Expressions 755 ExpressionsExpressions are the basic building blocks of awk patterns and actions. An expression evaluatesto a value that you can print, test, or pass to a function. Additionally, an expressioncan assign a new value to a variable or a field by using an assignment operator.An expression can serve as a pattern or action statement on its own. Most other kindsof statements contain one or more expressions that specify the data on which to operate.As in other languages, expressions in awk include variables, array references, constants, andfunction calls, as well as combinations of these with various operators.5.1 Constant ExpressionsThe simplest type of expression is the constant, which always has the same value. Thereare three types of constants: numeric, string, and regular expression.Each is used in the appropriate context when you need a data value that isn’t going tochange. Numeric constants can have different forms, but are stored identically internally.5.1.1 Numeric and String ConstantsA numeric constant stands for a number. This number can be an integer, a decimal fraction,or a number in scientific (exponential) notation. 1 Here are some examples of numericconstants that all have the same value:1051.05e+21050e-1A string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in double-quotation marks.For example:"parrot"represents the string whose contents are ‘parrot’. Strings in gawk can be of any length,and they can contain any of the possible eight-bit ASCII characters including ASCII nul(character code zero). Other awk implementations may have difficulty with some charactercodes.5.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal NumbersIn awk, all numbers are in decimal; i.e., base 10. Many other programming languages allowyou to specify numbers in other bases, often octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16). Inoctal, the numbers go 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, etc. Just as ‘11’, in decimal, is 1 times10 plus 1, so ‘11’, in octal, is 1 times 8, plus 1. This equals 9 in decimal. In hexadecimal,there are 16 digits. Since the everyday decimal number system only has ten digits (‘0’–‘9’),the letters ‘a’ through ‘f’ are used to represent the rest. (Case in the letters is usuallyirrelevant; hexadecimal ‘a’ and ‘A’ have the same value.) Thus, ‘11’, in hexadecimal, is 1times 16 plus 1, which equals 17 in decimal.Just by looking at plain ‘11’, you can’t tell what base it’s in. So, in C, C++, and otherlanguages derived from C, there is a special notation to help signify the base. Octal numbersstart with a leading ‘0’, and hexadecimal numbers start with a leading ‘0x’ or ‘0X’:1 The internal representation of all numbers, including integers, uses double-precision floating-point numbers.On most modern systems, these are in IEEE 754 standard format.
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GAWK: Effective AWK Programming

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