Fighter Combat

ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, SIMILAR AIRCRAFT 137or slower than the defender, and it may not be readily apparent which is thecase. Since the nose-to-nose turn technique just described is predicated onthe defender having a smaller turn radius, it may not be effective against ahigher, slower opponent. One means of correcting this situation is for thedefender to climb up toward the bogey, either approaching the first pass orduring the first turn, allowing speed to bleed down to the range for minimumsustained turn radius. For most jet fighters under normal combatconditions this speed will be roughly 1.5 times power-on stall speed for itsweight, configuration, power, and altitude (usually somewhat slower forprop fighters). This speed will vary somewhat among different fightertypes, and it is often faster at very high altitudes, so performance chartsshould be consulted. In general, use of any configuration (e.g., flaps, slats)which lowers power-on stall speed is advantageous for this tactic. If theyare employed, however, use of any devices that increase unloaded drag ordecrease forward thrust should be discontinued before periods of acceleration.By operating in this speed range, the defender can be assured that asimilar bogey cannot outperform him in nose-to-nose turns regardless ofthe opponent's speed. The nose-to-nose turn tactic should then allow thedefender to put angular pressure on the attacker, forcing him to expend hisenergy advantage in response.It must be cautioned, however, that minimum sustained-turn-radiusspeed will be well below corner speed for the defender, and this may not bea healthy condition in a hostile combat environment where the possibilityof SAMs or additional threat fighters exists. In addition, if after the defenderclimbs to obtain optimum maneuvering speed the bogey still has asubstantial altitude advantage, the attacker may be able to make an overheadattack and force a weapons-defense maneuver. Such a defense may bedifficult at slow speed.As an alternative to this tactic, the defender can maintain speed andaltitude and perform a sustained nose-to-tail turn instead. In response tothis move the bogey is likely to make a nose-low turn, possibly gainingsome angles by the next pass, but expending some of its energy margin inthe process. Once the altitude advantage is reduced, the defender canreturn to the nose-to-nose technique or to the previously described tacticsappropriate for opponents with speed or angles advantage.An oppoqent who maneuvers vertically or steeply oblique after a headonpass may be able to use his vertical geometry to offset the defender'ssmaller turn radius in level nose-to-nose turns. This may enable the bogeypilot to maintain his energy advantage while making repeated attacks onthe defender. The response to this tactic is much like that recommendedagainst the high yo-yo ; namely, an unloaded acceleration after the passuntil the bogey's climb angle peaks, then a hard come-back in the closestdirection, keeping the lift vector on or slightly below the bogey. Thistechnique should limit the bogey's angular gains while forcing the attackerto expend his energy advantage. An all-aspect-missile-equipped opponentmay be able to satisfy firing parameters with such vertical maneuvers, sothe defender may prefer an escape attempt immediately if the bogeyzooms. A shot from well above the target, however, may be severely