Fighter Combat

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APPENDIX 393Figure A-4. Instantaneous Turn Performance Variationwith Altitude
394 APPENDIXwhich is classified as either kinetic or potential. "Kinetic energy" is theenergy of speed. An aircraft in flight possesses kinetic energy that isproportional to its weight (or, more correctly, its mass) and speed. Underthe influence of gravity, it can increase its speed, and its kinetic energy, byfalling. Altitude, therefore, may be thought of as "potential energy," sinceit can be readily transformed into kinetic energy. Potential energy isproportional to the weight of the aircraft and the distance through which itmay fall. In the case of airplanes, any combination of speed and altitudemay be described by an "energy state." In comparing the energy states oftwo different fighters it is convenient to eliminate aircraft weight from theenergy-state calculations to arrive at a better picture of relative speeds andaltitudes. The result is a quantity known as "specific energy" (E s ). ES isexpressed mathematically as:where H = altitude above some reference, usually sea level (ft); V = trueairspeed (ft/sec); and g — acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/sec 2 ).From Equation 3 it is apparent that many combinations of speed andaltitude will yield the same specific energy. Figure A-5 plots lines ofconstant E s on an altitude-velocity grid. These lines describe speedaltitudecombinations that yield the same energy state.The plot of Figure A-5 is valid for any aircraft—or any rock, for thatmatter. The "ideal zoom" depicted illustrates how kinetic and potentialenergy may be traded back and forth while total energy remains constant.Theoretically a powerless aircraft in a vacuum with the speed-altitudecombination depicted at the start of this ideal zoom could trade its speedfor additional altitude as shown. If the pilot was willing to allow his speedto bleed all the way to zero, this aircraft would top out at about 50,000 ft.Then the aircraft falls, accelerating back to its initial condition. Such idealzooms seldom occur in practice because of the drag of air resistance and theeffects of aircraft thrust, but this example does serve to illustrate theconcept of total energy.Energy state can be changed through the application of power. In thecase of aircraft, this power is generally the result of thrust (which tends toincrease energy state) and drag (which tends to decrease energy). The rate ofchange in E s is known as "specific excess power" (P s ) and is given by theequationwhere T = total engine thrust (lbs), D = total aircraft drag (lbs), W =aircraft weight (lbs), and V = true airspeed (ft/sec).Equation 4 reveals that whenever thrust is greater than drag, P s will be apositive quantity resulting in increasing energy (i.e., climb or acceleration).Conversely, if drag exceeds thrust at any time, energy will decrease.The PS of a fighter under given conditions of weight, configuration, enginethrust, speed, altitude, and load factor determines the available performance,or "energy maneuverability," under those conditions. Energy ma-(3)(4)
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Fighter CombatTACTICS AND MANEUVERI
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ContentsPrefaceixAcknowledgmentsxvA
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CONTENTSVllSingle-Side Offset 353Tr
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XPREFACEtactics varied greatly, and
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PREFACEXlllseconds, while today's f
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XVIACKNOWLEDGMENTSGodfrey, John T.,
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XV111ABBREVIATIONSHUD heads-up disp
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1Fighter WeaponsFighter aircraft ex
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 6lets. Another fact
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 5gun as the fighter
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 7reliability, cost-
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FIGHTER WEAPONS ?The final complica
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FIGHTER WEAPONS \ \span of the enem
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 13cause large, erra
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 15Gun EmploymentWhe
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 17I am not a good s
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 19Guns are like alc
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 21Most snapshots li
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 23second) should be
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 25tion of the targe
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 27Instead, the defe
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 29firing zone by re
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 31This maneuver spo
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 33swiveling the noz
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 35they are more sus
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 37home on reciproca
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 39The various forms
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 41in bad weather, s
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 43Of course, this t
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 45is sometimes call
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 47NON-MANEUVERINGMA
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 49the radar track,
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 5 1Besides the guid
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 53rocket-powered ve
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 55speed targets. Hi
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 57detect the target
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 59For forward- or r
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 61varies with range
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 63Lead Purs
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 65attacker
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 67Effective
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 69that he p
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 71to arrive
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 73improve t
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 75Figure 2-
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 77approach
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 79Figure 2-
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 81plane of
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 83direction
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 85essential
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 87speed for
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 89proportio
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 91attacker)
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 93At positi
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 95slow-spee
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 97When it i
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ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, SIMILAR
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One-versus-OneManeuvering,Dissimila
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ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DISSIMI
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Section Tactics,Two-versus-OneNever
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-ONE 197
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 199h
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-ONE 201
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 207a
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 209M
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 211F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 213e
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 215e
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 217h
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 219A
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 221D
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-ONE 223
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 225a
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 227F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 229s
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 231d
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 233s
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 235p
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 237v
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO 239
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 241w
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 243f
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 245b
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO 247
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 249F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 251g
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 253t
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-TWO 255
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 257d
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 259c
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 261F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 263i
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-TWO 265
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DIVISION TACTICS 267sides late in W
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DIVISION TACTICS 269unacceptably hi
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DIVISION TACTICS 271Figure 7-4. Lin
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DIVISION TACTICS 273Figure 7-6.Sect
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DIVISION TACTICS 2755. In any form
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DIVISION TACTICS 277when the divisi
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DIVISION TACTICS 279"Gaggle" doctri
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DIVISION TACTICS 281Figure 7-11. Ga
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DIVISION TACTICS 283on the lookout
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DIVISION TACTICS 285It is when a fo
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DIVISION TACTICS 287attack by the d
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DIVISION TACTICS 289low-performance
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 291previ
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 293attac
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 295Other
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 297We ne
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 299Figur
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 301be me
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 303Quite
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 305many
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 307great
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 309very
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 311arran
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 313area
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 315The m
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 317conflict, air s
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 319man will, who,
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 321friendly aircra
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 323quested informa
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 325The massed atta
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 327by installation
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 329bombers' defens
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 331must be assured
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 333attacked just a
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 335proven consiste
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 337already been co
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 339between the two
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 341decoys and fein
Page 362 and 363: FIGHTER MISSIONS 343Figure 9-5. Fig
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Page 366 and 367: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 347often have t
Page 368 and 369: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 349The goal of
Page 370 and 371: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 351interceptor'
Page 372 and 373: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 353and closing
Page 374 and 375: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 355the intercep
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Page 382 and 383: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 363bogey. It is
Page 384 and 385: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 365for the inte
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Page 388 and 389: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 369tial, partic
Page 390 and 391: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 371RWR equipmen
Page 392 and 393: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 373Figure 10-15
Page 394 and 395: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 375of fighters
Page 396 and 397: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 377out." This c
Page 398 and 399: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 379One peek is
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Page 402 and 403: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 383lead to 30-m
Page 404: TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 385considered t
Page 407 and 408: 388 APPENDIXcould not or simply wou
Page 409 and 410: 390 APPENDIXmust be a limit. Usuall
Page 411: 392 APPENDIXFigure A-3. Level Insta
Page 415 and 416: 396 APPENDIXonly about half its sea
Page 417 and 418: 398 APPENDIXFigure A-8. Origin of I
Page 419 and 420: 400 APPENDIXveloped to lessen the e
Page 421 and 422: 402 APPENDIXFigure A-12, Possible L
Page 423 and 424: 404 APPENDIXFigure A-14. Effect of
Page 425 and 426: 406 APPENDIXFigure A-15. Sample Cli
Page 427 and 428: 408 APPENDIXturn performance (i.e.,
Page 429 and 430: 410 APPENDIXtrolling airspeed, keep
Page 431 and 432: 412 APPENDIXgravity, radial G will
Page 433 and 434: 414 APPENDIXFigure A-20. Variations
Page 435 and 436: 416 APPENDIXFigure A-22. Lift versu
Page 438 and 439: BibliographyAir Force Flight Test C
Page 440 and 441: IndexAcceleration performance, 29-3
Page 442 and 443: INDEX 423Escort. See Strike escortE
Page 444 and 445: INDEX 425212-14, 224, 233, 237, 240
Page 446 and 447: INDEX 427Sustained turns, 88-90, 92
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Fighter Combat

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