Fighter Combat

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ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DISSIMILAR AIRCRAFT 151supersonic fighter engages a bogey that is limited to subsonic speeds. Justhow much excess speed is required can be estimated using an altitude-Mach (H-M) diagram or Equation 3 in the Appendix before the engagement.Assuming an engagement altitude, the bogey's maximum attainableenergy level can be located on the chart. Adding the desired energy(altitude) advantage to the bogey's energy level determines the approximateenergy level required of the high-T/W fighter. The speed at whichthis desired energy level intersects the engagement altitude represents thenecessary airspeed of the energy fighter.The speed advantage necessary to provide a given zoom-altitude advantageis highly dependent on the bogey's airspeed. For example, a 2,000-ftzoom advantage over a bogey traveling at 100 knots true airspeed (KTAS)would require the energy fighter to have about 130 knots of excess airspeed(230 KTAS total). But with the bogey at 500 KTAS, the energy fighterwould need about 540 KTAS (only a 40-knot advantage). Although fasterbogeys require less speed advantage for the energy fighter to attain a givenzoom-altitude margin, this phenomenon is offset to a large degree becausefaster fighters generally need more altitude margin. The figures given hereare only gross estimates, since they do not consider possible energychanges during the zoom maneuver.Assuming this energy advantage can be attained at the first pass, thepilot of the high-T/W fighter may choose to zoom immediately, as shownin Figure 4-5. The major difference between this scenario and that of Figure4-4 comes from the great energy advantage of the high-T/W fighter in thiscase, which enables the energy fighter to remain well above its opponent,and facilitates its maneuvering in the vertical plane.In this scenario the energy fighter has a substantial speed advantageapproaching the pass (time "1") as well as slightly greater altitude.Together this speed and altitude advantage form the high-T/W fighter'sdesired energy margin. The purpose of the height advantage in this case isnot only to provide extra energy margin, but also to induce the bogey pilotinto a sharply nose-high maneuver. Allowing some vertical separation(i.e., passing almost directly over the bogey) gives the bogey room for a leadturn, but the pilot must turn almost purely in the vertical to take advantageof it. Too much separation here may provide the low-wing-loadedopponent a reasonable snapshot at the pass, while too little vertical advantageoffers him little incentive to zoom. An altitude advantage at the passequal to about one-quarter of the bogey's best turn radius is usually a goodcompromise.In Figure 4-5 the angles fighter begins a near-vertical lead turn at time"1," while the energy fighter continues straight ahead for a few seconds.Here the pilot of the energy fighter must assess whether the bogey pilot hastimed his pull-up properly to gain lead for a gun snapshot at the pass. If so, aquick out-of-plane (level) jink is in order to spoil the shot before he starts apull-up of his own. This slight delay in the energy fighter's zoom also helpsthe pilot keep sight of the bogey underneath. The energy fighter shouldbegin its pull-up, at sustained-G levels, as the bogey begins to approacheffective guns range. Turning up and away from the bogey at this point
152 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DISSIMILAR AIRCRAFTincreases the LOS rate seen by the bogey pilot, and consequently increaseshis lead requirement, forcing him to pull harder and reach a higher climbingattitude. If the bogey pilot keeps pulling for a shot, he should becommittd to a very steep climb by the pass (time "2"). Mild jinks left andright during the pull-up complicate the aiming problem of the bogey pilotand may also facilitate keeping sight of the bogey.During the next segment of this maneuver the energy fighter pilotshould continue a wings-level, sustained-G pull-up, and reacquire theFigure 4-5. Energy Fight with Initial Energy Advantage
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Fighter CombatTACTICS AND MANEUVERI
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ContentsPrefaceixAcknowledgmentsxvA
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CONTENTSVllSingle-Side Offset 353Tr
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XPREFACEtactics varied greatly, and
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PREFACEXlllseconds, while today's f
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XVIACKNOWLEDGMENTSGodfrey, John T.,
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XV111ABBREVIATIONSHUD heads-up disp
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1Fighter WeaponsFighter aircraft ex
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 6lets. Another fact
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 5gun as the fighter
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 7reliability, cost-
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FIGHTER WEAPONS ?The final complica
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FIGHTER WEAPONS \ \span of the enem
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 13cause large, erra
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 15Gun EmploymentWhe
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 17I am not a good s
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 19Guns are like alc
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 21Most snapshots li
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 23second) should be
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 25tion of the targe
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 27Instead, the defe
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 29firing zone by re
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 31This maneuver spo
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 33swiveling the noz
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 35they are more sus
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 37home on reciproca
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 39The various forms
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 41in bad weather, s
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 43Of course, this t
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 45is sometimes call
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 47NON-MANEUVERINGMA
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 49the radar track,
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 5 1Besides the guid
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 53rocket-powered ve
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 55speed targets. Hi
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 57detect the target
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 59For forward- or r
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FIGHTER WEAPONS 61varies with range
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 63Lead Purs
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 65attacker
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 67Effective
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 69that he p
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 71to arrive
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 73improve t
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 75Figure 2-
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 77approach
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 79Figure 2-
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 81plane of
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 83direction
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 85essential
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 87speed for
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 89proportio
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 91attacker)
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 93At positi
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 95slow-spee
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 97When it i
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ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, SIMILAR
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Page 214 and 215: Section Tactics,Two-versus-OneNever
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-ONE 201
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 207a
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 209M
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 211F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 213e
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 215e
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 217h
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 219A
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 221D
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-ONE 223
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 225a
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 227F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 229s
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 231d
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 233s
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 235p
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 237v
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO 239
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 241w
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 243f
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 245b
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO 247
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 249F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 251g
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 253t
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-TWO 255
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 257d
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 259c
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 261F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 263i
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-TWO 265
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DIVISION TACTICS 267sides late in W
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DIVISION TACTICS 269unacceptably hi
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DIVISION TACTICS 271Figure 7-4. Lin
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DIVISION TACTICS 273Figure 7-6.Sect
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DIVISION TACTICS 2755. In any form
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DIVISION TACTICS 277when the divisi
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DIVISION TACTICS 279"Gaggle" doctri
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DIVISION TACTICS 281Figure 7-11. Ga
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DIVISION TACTICS 283on the lookout
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DIVISION TACTICS 285It is when a fo
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DIVISION TACTICS 287attack by the d
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DIVISION TACTICS 289low-performance
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 291previ
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 293attac
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 295Other
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 297We ne
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 299Figur
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 301be me
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 303Quite
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 305many
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 307great
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 309very
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 311arran
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 313area
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 315The m
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 317conflict, air s
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 319man will, who,
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 321friendly aircra
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 323quested informa
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 325The massed atta
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 327by installation
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 329bombers' defens
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 331must be assured
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 333attacked just a
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 335proven consiste
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 337already been co
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 339between the two
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 341decoys and fein
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 343Figure 9-5. Fig
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 345remote escorts.
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 347often have t
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 349The goal of
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 351interceptor'
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 353and closing
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 355the intercep
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 357shoot before
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 359element, as
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 361bogey neutra
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 363bogey. It is
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 365for the inte
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 367since additi
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 369tial, partic
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 371RWR equipmen
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 373Figure 10-15
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 375of fighters
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 377out." This c
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 379One peek is
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 381general, the
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 383lead to 30-m
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 385considered t
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388 APPENDIXcould not or simply wou
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390 APPENDIXmust be a limit. Usuall
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392 APPENDIXFigure A-3. Level Insta
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394 APPENDIXwhich is classified as
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396 APPENDIXonly about half its sea
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398 APPENDIXFigure A-8. Origin of I
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400 APPENDIXveloped to lessen the e
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402 APPENDIXFigure A-12, Possible L
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404 APPENDIXFigure A-14. Effect of
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406 APPENDIXFigure A-15. Sample Cli
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408 APPENDIXturn performance (i.e.,
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410 APPENDIXtrolling airspeed, keep
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412 APPENDIXgravity, radial G will
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414 APPENDIXFigure A-20. Variations
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416 APPENDIXFigure A-22. Lift versu
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BibliographyAir Force Flight Test C
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IndexAcceleration performance, 29-3
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INDEX 423Escort. See Strike escortE
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INDEX 425212-14, 224, 233, 237, 240
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INDEX 427Sustained turns, 88-90, 92
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Fighter Combat

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