Fighter Combat

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FIGHTER WEAPONS 47NON-MANEUVERINGMAXIMUMRANGELOOK-UPREQUIREDLOW FUZINGPROBABILITYTARGETMANEUVERINGHOT SIDECOLD SIDELOOK-UPREQUIREDMINIMUMRANGELOOK-UPREQUIREDLOW FUZINGPROBABILITYHOT SIDEFigure 1-9. Typical Missile EnvelopesCOLD SIDE
48 FIGHTER WEAPONSThe maneuvering envelope illustrates the same conditions, with thetarget still flying toward the top of the page, except this time the targetbegins a level left-hand turn just as the missile is launched and continuesthis turn throughout the missile TOF. The diagram is labelled "hot side"and "cold side" to define the target's direction of turn. The labels "insidethe turn" or "outside the turn" also could have been used. These termsreflect initial conditions only (i.e., the instant of missile launch), as thecold and hot sides rotate with the target aircraft as it turns. An observer onthe hot side of the turn at any point normally would be looking at the top ofthe target aircraft, while on the cold side he would have a belly view.The maneuvering aerodynamic max-range envelope is highly asymmetrical,with the hot-side range being much greater than the range on the coldside, as the timing of the turn is such that the target essentially is flying outto meet missiles fired from its left side, and flying away from those initiallycoming from the right. By choosing the direction and rate of turn, the targetcan exert tremendous influence on this max-range envelope. The minrangeboundary is also affected, expanding somewhat on the hot side, butnot to as great an extent.The regions of the envelope requiring look-up are greatly expanded inthe maneuvering case. A missile fired from these regions would have topass through the target's beam area before intercept could occur, greatlyincreasing the chances of losing target track in clutter, especially if it waslooking down. These regions comprise a considerable portion of the entirekinematic envelope, particularly at longer ranges, and serve to emphasizethe importance of look-up when employing this type of missile againstmaneuvering targets.The fuze-limited regions are also increased somewhat in the maneuveringcase. A missile launched in one of these regions would intercept thetarget at close to a beam aspect, either hot side or cold side, with lowprobability of warhead damage. Also note that all max-range limits havebeen reduced to below the seeker-sensitivity limit, so that restriction doesnot affect this case.These envelopes are already confusing, but a full picture of the capabilitiesof this missile would require many such charts to cover a wide range ofpossible target maneuvers, shooter/target speeds, and altitudes. In addition,a single fighter may carry two or three different kinds of missiles, allwith widely differing operating characteristics and envelopes. Enveloperecognition, therefore, becomes one of the major difficulties in AAMemployment. Even if the fighter pilot could draw each envelope frommemory, how would he determine the vital parameters necessary to decidewhich envelope was valid (including target speed and turn rate) andhis position within that envelope (including range and target aspect)?Probably the most workable solution to this problem is to equip thefighter with a tracking radar system and a fire-control computer. Suchsystems can accurately assess and display to the pilot the missile's aerodynamiccapabilities, and as many of the other limits as might be deemeddesirable, almost instantaneously. Most modern fighters have suchsystems.In order to make inputs to the fire-control computer it is necessary that
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Fighter CombatTACTICS AND MANEUVERI
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ContentsPrefaceixAcknowledgmentsxvA
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CONTENTSVllSingle-Side Offset 353Tr
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XPREFACEtactics varied greatly, and
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PREFACEXlllseconds, while today's f
Page 15 and 16: XVIACKNOWLEDGMENTSGodfrey, John T.,
Page 17 and 18: XV111ABBREVIATIONSHUD heads-up disp
Page 20 and 21: 1Fighter WeaponsFighter aircraft ex
Page 22 and 23: FIGHTER WEAPONS 6lets. Another fact
Page 24 and 25: FIGHTER WEAPONS 5gun as the fighter
Page 26 and 27: FIGHTER WEAPONS 7reliability, cost-
Page 28 and 29: FIGHTER WEAPONS ?The final complica
Page 30 and 31: FIGHTER WEAPONS \ \span of the enem
Page 32 and 33: FIGHTER WEAPONS 13cause large, erra
Page 34 and 35: FIGHTER WEAPONS 15Gun EmploymentWhe
Page 36 and 37: FIGHTER WEAPONS 17I am not a good s
Page 38 and 39: FIGHTER WEAPONS 19Guns are like alc
Page 40 and 41: FIGHTER WEAPONS 21Most snapshots li
Page 42 and 43: FIGHTER WEAPONS 23second) should be
Page 44 and 45: FIGHTER WEAPONS 25tion of the targe
Page 46 and 47: FIGHTER WEAPONS 27Instead, the defe
Page 48 and 49: FIGHTER WEAPONS 29firing zone by re
Page 50 and 51: FIGHTER WEAPONS 31This maneuver spo
Page 52 and 53: FIGHTER WEAPONS 33swiveling the noz
Page 54 and 55: FIGHTER WEAPONS 35they are more sus
Page 56 and 57: FIGHTER WEAPONS 37home on reciproca
Page 58 and 59: FIGHTER WEAPONS 39The various forms
Page 60 and 61: FIGHTER WEAPONS 41in bad weather, s
Page 62 and 63: FIGHTER WEAPONS 43Of course, this t
Page 64 and 65: FIGHTER WEAPONS 45is sometimes call
Page 68 and 69: FIGHTER WEAPONS 49the radar track,
Page 70 and 71: FIGHTER WEAPONS 5 1Besides the guid
Page 72 and 73: FIGHTER WEAPONS 53rocket-powered ve
Page 74 and 75: FIGHTER WEAPONS 55speed targets. Hi
Page 76 and 77: FIGHTER WEAPONS 57detect the target
Page 78 and 79: FIGHTER WEAPONS 59For forward- or r
Page 80 and 81: FIGHTER WEAPONS 61varies with range
Page 82 and 83: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 63Lead Purs
Page 84 and 85: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 65attacker
Page 86 and 87: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 67Effective
Page 88 and 89: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 69that he p
Page 90 and 91: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 71to arrive
Page 92 and 93: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 73improve t
Page 94 and 95: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 75Figure 2-
Page 96 and 97: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 77approach
Page 98 and 99: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 79Figure 2-
Page 100 and 101: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 81plane of
Page 102 and 103: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 83direction
Page 104 and 105: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 85essential
Page 106 and 107: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 87speed for
Page 108 and 109: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 89proportio
Page 110 and 111: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 91attacker)
Page 112 and 113: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 93At positi
Page 114 and 115: BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 95slow-spee
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BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS 97When it i
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ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, SIMILAR
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One-versus-OneManeuvering,Dissimila
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ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DISSIMI
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Section Tactics,Two-versus-OneNever
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-ONE 197
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 199h
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-ONE 201
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 207a
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 209M
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 211F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 213e
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 215e
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 217h
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 219A
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 221D
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-ONE 223
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 225a
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 227F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 229s
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 231d
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 233s
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE 235p
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 237v
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO 239
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 241w
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 243f
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 245b
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SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO 247
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 249F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 251g
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 253t
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-TWO 255
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 257d
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 259c
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 261F
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SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO 263i
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SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-TWO 265
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DIVISION TACTICS 267sides late in W
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DIVISION TACTICS 269unacceptably hi
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DIVISION TACTICS 271Figure 7-4. Lin
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DIVISION TACTICS 273Figure 7-6.Sect
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DIVISION TACTICS 2755. In any form
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DIVISION TACTICS 277when the divisi
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DIVISION TACTICS 279"Gaggle" doctri
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DIVISION TACTICS 281Figure 7-11. Ga
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DIVISION TACTICS 283on the lookout
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DIVISION TACTICS 285It is when a fo
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DIVISION TACTICS 287attack by the d
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DIVISION TACTICS 289low-performance
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 291previ
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 293attac
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 295Other
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 297We ne
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 299Figur
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 301be me
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 303Quite
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 305many
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 307great
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 309very
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 311arran
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 313area
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UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS 315The m
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 317conflict, air s
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 319man will, who,
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 321friendly aircra
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 323quested informa
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 325The massed atta
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 327by installation
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 329bombers' defens
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 331must be assured
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 333attacked just a
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 335proven consiste
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 337already been co
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 339between the two
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 341decoys and fein
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 343Figure 9-5. Fig
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FIGHTER MISSIONS 345remote escorts.
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 347often have t
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 349The goal of
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 351interceptor'
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 353and closing
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 355the intercep
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 357shoot before
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 359element, as
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 361bogey neutra
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 363bogey. It is
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 365for the inte
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 367since additi
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 369tial, partic
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 371RWR equipmen
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 373Figure 10-15
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 375of fighters
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 377out." This c
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 379One peek is
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 381general, the
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 383lead to 30-m
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TACTICAL INTERCEPTS 385considered t
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388 APPENDIXcould not or simply wou
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390 APPENDIXmust be a limit. Usuall
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392 APPENDIXFigure A-3. Level Insta
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394 APPENDIXwhich is classified as
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396 APPENDIXonly about half its sea
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398 APPENDIXFigure A-8. Origin of I
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400 APPENDIXveloped to lessen the e
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402 APPENDIXFigure A-12, Possible L
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404 APPENDIXFigure A-14. Effect of
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406 APPENDIXFigure A-15. Sample Cli
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408 APPENDIXturn performance (i.e.,
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410 APPENDIXtrolling airspeed, keep
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412 APPENDIXgravity, radial G will
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414 APPENDIXFigure A-20. Variations
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416 APPENDIXFigure A-22. Lift versu
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BibliographyAir Force Flight Test C
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IndexAcceleration performance, 29-3
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INDEX 423Escort. See Strike escortE
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INDEX 425212-14, 224, 233, 237, 240
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INDEX 427Sustained turns, 88-90, 92
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Fighter Combat

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