PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition

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How Bats Navigate and HuntPhysicsBats like many other species of animals use ultrasound to hunt their prey aswell as to navigate.Ultrasounds are mechanical longitudinal waves like sounds, but they areinaudible to humans because their frequency is bigger than 20000 cycles persecond. Humans can hear sounds from 20 cycles per second to 20000 cyclesper second.Bats emit short pulses of ultrasound instead of a continuous wave beam, inorder to be able to distinguish the echo from the wave they emit. They emit up to 200 pulses per second.These pulses are reflected by the prey and the echo is detected by the bat. A large number of pulses persecond is important for the bat to detect the exact position of the prey and succeed in hunting.When the prey is stationary the prey receives the same number of pulses per second as the number ofpulses emitted by the wave source.When the prey is moving away from the bat, the number of pulses returning to the bat per second is lessthan the number of pulses emitted by the bat per second.When the prey approaches the bat, the number of pulses returning to the bat per second is bigger thanthe number of pulses emitted by the bat per second.Bats can detect any object whose size is at least as large as the wavelength of the ultrasound emitted(approximately 5mm).Andreas Spyropoulos, George Elpidoforou 5AHow do Dung Beetles Navigate?When a stone is thrown on the surface of a pond, waves spread out on thesurface of the pond. In this case, the molecules of the surface of water vibrateup and down (vertically) while the wave is spreading horizontally. Wavestransferring energy away from the source through vibrations perpendicular to thedirection of propagation are called transverse waves.Ordinary light consists of transverse wave pulses of a very small duration calledphotons. Photons are emitted by excited atoms randomly and rapidly. Regularsunlight vibrates in all directions. Some of this light interacts with particles in the atmosphere and becomespolarised. That is its photons vibrate in one plane only.Polarized light patterns cast directly by the sun and indirectly from the sun's reflection off the moon areinvisible to the human eye, but can be seen by a host of others in the animal kingdom. Many insectsdetect polarised skylight and use it as a compass. When used together with one other parameter, such asmemory of the distance travelled, this compass is sufficient to enable return journeys over considerabledistances. This discovery surely shows that nature still hides a lot of information for us to discover.An example of such a creature is the dung beetle. Dung beetles can navigate using polarised moonlight.Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. After capturing the dung, a dungbeetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal thedung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once theyhave rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. So, correct navigation is very important.The beetles have sensors in their eyes which act as polarising filters. Recently, researchers found that aspecie of dung beetle (the African ‘’Scarabaeus zambesianus’’) navigates by using polarization patterns inmoonlight. Using the plane of the polarised moonlight as a guide lets the beetle run away in a straightline.Christos Kaimakkamis 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 22
MathematicsPANCYPRIAN MATHEMATICS CONFERENCE 2012Mathematics and LiteratureA possible connection of two different areas such as literature and mathematics seemsincomprehensible and complex. However, there are people that were inspired by Mathematics andwrote several literary works.The widespread view, considers mathematics and literature astwo completely different fields of human activity. The world is mostlydetached from the mathematical culture, due to "traumatic" experiencesfrom the school mathematical education. Many believe that mathematics is acompulsive game of symbols, which cannot express feelings. However, itseems that there are not only negative behaviors on the fact thatMathematics and Literature are related. In recent years, efforts have been made to overcome thiscultural gap resulting in the creation of works of art, visual and narrative, with themes taken from theworld of mathematics. The connection of literature to mathematics is integrated in this effort, which isindeed impressive for the past decades.Based on Greek and foreign literature, mathematics and literature seem to sharecommon characteristics and similarities in their structure, their aesthetics andtheir contribution to human thought and imagination.Initially, an important element of similarity is the structure of amathematical proof and a literary story. The writing of a storyand the process of a mathematical proof are based on the samestructure. They both have a beginning, a plot and an ending. Themathematical concepts correspond to the heroes of the story, the relationships thatconnect them to the axiom system, the mathematical identities to the flashbacks, them a t h e m a t i c a l r e a s o n i n g t o t h enarrative logic and the mathematical consistency to the narrative. The commonfeatures of the mathematician and the author of a story is the "discovery" of the end, their intuition,their creativity, their imagination and their consistency towards mathematics or the storyline.Mathematics and Literature also appear similar in what they offer. Both Mathematics and Literatureoffer development of imagination.In poetry and mathematics one is needed to penetrate more deeply and understand what otherscannot. Also, Mathematics and literature help in the process of reaching fair and reasonableconclusions.The relationship between Literature and Mathematics is also evidenced by the large volume of booksthat were written at various times around the world.Two major categories of these books are:a) Literary books with references to mathematicsb) Mathematics books with plot or structure of literary books.PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 23
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