Paradox

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BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 215The circumnavigator’s paradox was rendered obsolete in1878 when the International Date Line was declared at 180degrees east from Greenwich, England. It is a credit toscholasticism that the need for such a convention was notedfive hundred years earlier by Nicole Oresme. He thoughtthrough these issues in an entirely hypothetical manner. Indeference to the condemnation of 1277, Oresme denied thatstrict demonstrative proofs were possible in the physicalsciences. First, he would argue that the earth goes round thesun. Then, he would turn around and argue that the sun goesround the earth. Oresme invites us to conclude that neitherreason nor experience can settle the issue. He adopts thetraditional view, that the earth does not move, on faith.Was the circumnavigator’s paradox a theoretical paradoxwhen debated in the sixteenth century? On the one hand, awidely acknowledged expert, Nicole Oresme, had definitivelysolved the problem in the fourteenth century. So it was nolonger a paradox to those attending Oresme’s lectures; therewas no longer any conflict between observation and calendartheory. However, in the sixteenth century, Renaissance menwere opting out of the old system of intellectual division oflabor. Their experts did not include fourteenth-century philosophyprofessors. The medieval syllogisms of Buridan andOresme was likened to spiders’ webs; hard for any man toprecisely imitate but only strong enough to ensnare thefeeble. By disavowing the past, Renaissance men created anew environment for the circumnavigator’s paradox.
S I X T E E NPascal’s ImprobableCalculationsInventors put paradoxes into practice. Horseless carriage andwireless telephone were oxymorons before they became termsfor commonplace artifacts. These wonders subtract someessential feature. At nineteen, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)subtracted thought from subtraction.MINDLESS COMPUTATION AND DESCARTESIn 1651 Pascal built an arithmetic machine to ease his father’swork as tax commissioner. This was a historic feat of engineering.For years, Pascal labored closely with carpenters andexperts at gear assembly.An arithmetic machine seemed especially absurd in theaftermath of René Descartes. He refined the common-sensedistinction between mind and matter into a formidablemetaphysical dualism.
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A BRIEF HISTORYof theParadox
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A BRIEF HISTORYof theParadoxPHILOSO
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Tothose who neverhave a book dedica
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ContentsList of FiguresPrefaceixxiO
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List of Figures1.1 Canadian flag 71
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PrefaceMathematicians characterize
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PREFACExiiiHegel, Marx, and nowaday
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PREFACExvpermission to quote “Ant
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A BRIEF HISTORYof theParadox
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O N EAnaximander and theRiddle of O
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ANAXIMANDER AND THE RIDDLE OF ORIGI
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T W OPythagoras’s Searchfor the C
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PYTHAGORAS’S SEARCH FOR THE COMMO
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 29city th
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 31incredu
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 33differe
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 35Odysseu
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 37“Nobo
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 39tendenc
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 41Clinton
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PARMENIDES ON WHAT IS NOT 43cal abs
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SISYPHUS’S ROCK AND ZENO’S PARA
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SOCRATES: THE PARADOX OF INQUIRY 59
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S I XThe MegarianIdentity CrisisEuc
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THE MEGARIAN IDENTITY CRISIS 73Plat
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THE MEGARIAN IDENTITY CRISIS 75to l
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THE MEGARIAN IDENTITY CRISIS 77soul
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THE MEGARIAN IDENTITY CRISIS 79lear
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THE MEGARIAN IDENTITY CRISIS 81A =
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S E V E NEubulides and thePolitics
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EUBULIDES AND THE POLITICS OF THE L
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 101becaus
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 103human
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 105tion o
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 107Jumble
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 109in the
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 111refute
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 113Graham
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A FOOTNOTE TO “PLATO” 115to me
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 117Fig. 9.1pa
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 119shooting u
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 1214. Therefo
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 123the Megari
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 125Socrates w
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 127not have r
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ARISTOTLE ON FATALISM 129THE MORAL
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 131Fig.
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 133The h
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 135creat
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 137belon
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 139claim
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 141insta
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 143The s
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 145reass
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CHRYSIPPUS ON PEOPLE PARTS 147In Na
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SEXTUS EMPIRICUS AND THE INFINITE R
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AUGUSTINE’S PRAGMATIC PARADOXES 1
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Page 196 and 197: T H I R T E E NAquinas: Can God Hav
Page 198 and 199: AQUINAS: CAN GOD HAVE A BIOGRAPHY?
Page 206 and 207: F O U R T E E NOckham andthe Insolu
Page 208 and 209: OCKHAM AND THE INSOLUBILIA 189merel
Page 210 and 211: OCKHAM AND THE INSOLUBILIA 191WHAT
Page 212 and 213: OCKHAM AND THE INSOLUBILIA 193Suppo
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Page 218 and 219: OCKHAM AND THE INSOLUBILIA 199of th
Page 220 and 221: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 201Buridan ban
Page 222 and 223: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 203recover the
Page 224 and 225: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 205respondent
Page 226 and 227: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 207BURIDAN’S
Page 228 and 229: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 209shows that
Page 230 and 231: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 211invalid bec
Page 232 and 233: BURIDAN’S SOPHISMS 213ers turned
Page 236 and 237: PASCAL’S IMPROBABLE CALCULATIONS
Page 256 and 257: S E V E N T E E NLeibniz’s Princi
Page 258 and 259: LEIBNIZ’S PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT
Page 272 and 273: HUME’S ALL-CONSUMING IDEAS 253Hum
Page 274 and 275: HUME’S ALL-CONSUMING IDEAS 255bel
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Page 282 and 283: HUME’S ALL-CONSUMING IDEAS 263HUM
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HUME’S ALL-CONSUMING IDEAS 265was
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HUME’S ALL-CONSUMING IDEAS 267sta
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THE COMMON SENSE OF THOMAS REID 269
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KANT AND THE ANTINOMY OF PURE REASO
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T W E N T Y - O N EHegel’s World
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HEGEL’S WORLD OF CONTRADICTIONS 3
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RUSSELL’S SET 317THE HEGELIAN HUN
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RUSSELL’S SET 319Georg Cantor was
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RUSSELL’S SET 321Russell now pict
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RUSSELL’S SET 323Fig. 22.2to have
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RUSSELL’S SET 325Fig. 22.4Now con
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RUSSELL’S SET 327Russell realized
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RUSSELL’S SET 329Whitehead congra
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RUSSELL’S SET 331hires a secretar
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T W E N T Y - T H R E EWittgenstein
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WITTGENSTEIN AND THE DEPTH OF A GRA
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T W E N T Y - F O U RQuine’s Ques
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 351doomsday
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 353concede
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 355rowed
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 357Quine sa
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 359became i
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 361co-autho
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 363captivat
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 365To meet
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 367that the
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 369GRADUALI
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QUINE’S QUESTION MARK 371definiti
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BibliographyAnscombe, G. E. M. (195
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 375Hegel, G. W. F. (18
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 377Miller, J. (1998).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 379Skyrms, Brian (1975
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IndexNote: Page numbers in bold ref
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INDEX 383Carneades, 152Carroll, Lew
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INDEX 385ethics: of Aristotle, 97-9
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INDEX 387Jaynes, E. T., 250John XXI
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INDEX 389money and law of diminishi
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INDEX 391Poincaré, Henri, 325polit
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INDEX 393Socrates, 58-70; Augustine
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