Paradox

388 INDEXlogic: in common sense, 273; logicalsophisms, 202; prior to theplague, 190; Russell’s use of,321, 325–31; of truth-valuegaps, 90logicism, 323London Bridge, 132–33looped liar paradox, 332Lovelock, James, 134Lowell, Percival, 297Lumpl and Goliath, 140, 144, 146Lutterell, John, 193Lyceum, 85, 87Mackie, J. L., 6Mackinson, D. C., 103Magellan, Ferdinand, 213–14The Magic Mountain (Mann), 313Malraux, André, 343Mani, 163Manichees, 163, 174Mann, Thomas, 313map by Anaximander, 12Marchand, Jean-Christophe, 284,286Marx, Karl, 127–28material constitution paradoxes,130–47material objects, 297“Mathematical Logic as Based onthe Theory of Types” (Russell),332Mathematical Logic (Quine), 368mathematics. See also geometry;infinity: arithmetic, 20–21;arithmetic machine, 216–21;cardinality, 323–24, 325; diagonalargument, 323–26; finitenumbers, 319; fractions, 20;Galileo on, 360; imaginarynumbers, 304–5; infinite numbers,318; interesting numbers,362–64; language of, 322–23;law of averages, 15–17; naturalnumbers, 324, 362–63; negativenumbers, 2–3, 10, 304–5; ordinalnumbers, 327–28; probabilitytheory, 152, 223, 227, 238–40, 245–51; rational numbers,323–24; real numbers, 323–24;Russell’s contradiction, 326–31;sets, 361; transfinite numbers,317–18, 325Matthews, Gareth, 6Mayan culture, 21McCarthy, John, 281McClintock, Harry, 242McCulloch, Robert, 132–33McTaggart, John, 184–86, 316meaningless paradoxes, 36Meditations (Descartes), 170, 218Megarian paradoxes, 88–90Meinong, Alexius, 29–30Mendel, Gregor, 11Menedemus, 212Meno (Plato), 63–67mereological essentialism, 131, 143metaphysics. See also God: argumentsfor God’s existence, 301;Aristotle on, 178–79; Descarteson, 216–21; Kant on, 296, 298,309; Lord Kelvin on, 369–70;McTaggart’s temporal paradoxes,185; physics and, 298,369–70; Quine on, 361; reasonand, 311; study of infinity, 235Methods of Ethics (Sidgwick), 278midwifery analogy, 66–67Miles, Jack, 177, 181Mill, John Stuart, 172, 316, 354modus ponens, 160modus tollens, 92, 114