Applied ResearchConsuming Digital RightsHowever, it is unclear whether such solutions areenough, given current usage statistics. According to arecent Pew report, 89% of Internet users ages 18 to 29stated that they watch content on video-sharing sites(Madden, 2009). Moreover, the content that viewerswant to watch is not always easily accessible. Forexample, perhaps the user wants to see a long-runningtelevision program that is in syndication. While theuser’s DVR system is set to locate the episodes andtape them, these particular episodes may not be insyndication. Even if they are, it is unlikely that they willbe broadcast at the exact entry point every consumerneeds. What if the user already viewed season two andnow wants to see season three?An on-demand system is required for viewers toreceive the content they want when they want it. Enterthe Internet, with sites such as Hulu and YouTube,BitTorrent P2P file-sharing tools, indexing sites suchas Pirate Bay, and a myriad of illegal viewing Web sites.Hulu bills itself similarly to Amazon, stating, “Hulu’sgoal is to provide as much content as possible andto keep it all on our service permanently.” The siteexplains that its content licenses depend on “streamingclearances granted by our contentpartners” (Hulu, 2010). However,Hulu’s content can expire, and itnotes this by explaining,In some cases, an episodeor movie may expire fromHulu. Streaming clearancescan be limited by anynumber of legal or businessagreements that differ fromvideo to video. An episodeor movie may expire due tomyriad reasons, includingmusic clearances, impendingDVD sales and syndicationdeals, among others. It’sdisappointing to us whena video must come down.As videos are the heart ofour business, we’re alwaysworking to continue toP2PBit TorrentBroadcastTelevisionDVRexpand streaming clearances.(Hulu, 2010)While viewers may want to turn to legal contentproviders such as Hulu, this issue of expiration can beparticularly frustrating, especially for new fans of theseprograms. About an American television series that randuring the late 1990s and early 2000s, one consumerapplauded Hulu’s mission: “I missed Buffy in its originalrun, but I am loving the chance to catch up. Moreseasons please!” (Macabri, 2008).There are numerous examples of how Hulu iswinning new viewers for television programs, but thefrustration over issues of expiration and availabilityare seen as counterproductive by its user base. Theseconcerns become increasingly acute as Hulu’s expirationissue comes into effect, as it did for the television showBuffy the Vampire Slayer in October 2009 (see Figure8). This map represents relationships among variouspeople, technologies, hardware, and content owners.The strongest relationships are shown with solid linesbetween Person the television show, audience, and distributorsof the content.DVDTelevision ShowDistributorsFigure 8. Viewing Buffy the Vampire SlayerAudienceProducersHuluHulu312 Technical Communication l Volume 57, Number 3, August 2010
Applied ResearchLiza PottsOne viewer expressed concern in the show’sdiscussion boards on Hulu by stating,One of the best shows out there!!!! Whencan we get more??? I was almost doneseason three!!!! and then they took it off!wonderful acting and actors and of coursevampires = one heck of a show! Pleaseput on more seasons including three!!!!I’m desperate to see more! (Pierson, 2009)The time cost of using Netflix can also beburdensome to many users. Not all of the Netflixlibrary is digital, meaning that consumers still need torent physical media from the company rather than viewstreaming content over the Internet. Many televisionshows distribute their content on DVDs with littleconcern for user experience, often burning only twoepisodes per DVD. The task of synchronizing, viewing,and mailing can become tedious at best and extremelyfrustrating at worst. Juggling syndicated television, Hulu,Netflix, and BitTorrent: Are these the experiences wewant for our users? As Gillespie (2006, p. 661) states,“What is really at issue here is not just expertise andinnovation, but a broader question of user agency:a software design community that encourages it, aregulatory constraint that forbids it.”While it is possible for these users to seek outother legal content providers such as Netflix, someconsumers instead look to illegal Web sites andP2P networks from which they can download andview content. The argument can be made that thesesystems exist partially because of the lack of a stronguser experience where they can access legal content.Hulu cannot keep these licenses indefinitely, and thedifficulties of Netflix’s distribution may encourageconsumers to seek other means to view content. AsLessig (2008, p. 145) stated, “There exists not justthe commercial economy, which meters access on thesimple metric of price, but also a sharing economywhere access to culture is regulated not by price, but bya complex set of social relations.”Mapping could have helped with technicalcommunication activities within this context. Clearly, thethought of an experience is being misplaced in favor ofindividual delivery mechanisms. Users are looking for asingle, seamless event in which they can watch contentand participate within it. Maps can bring to light theseuser needs, illustrating the many ways in which today’smass distribution of content is failing to meet thoseneeds. Questions over how to write content for thesesites, how to map activities for them—all of these issuesbecome far more complicated when we examine theactual experiences of users, rather than simply hopingfor the best case scenario within a single system such asHulu or Netflix. It is up to technical communicators topoint out these issues, help shape new policies, and bethose users’ advocates if we are to see improvements inthe distribution of this content.Mapping Experiences of Music Listening in theUnited States and EuropeThe case examines the difficulties in listening to musiconline, primarily looking at the use of social mediaand musicians’ Web sites as we trace complicationsfor Americans, Europeans, and visitors to Europe.Issues of location and citizenship create a tenuousrelationship between the technologies and peopleinvolved in these experience networks.In the United States, there are numerous legalchoices for listening to streaming music. One of thesesystems, Pandora, can be accessed through its Website (www.pandora.com) and its stand-alone desktopapplication (Pandora One). The company positionsPandora as a “music discovery service” that uses the“Music Genome Project” to create music experiencesthat users will enjoy (Pandora, 2010a). The GenomeProject uses “complex musical DNA” to build stationsbased on a particular song, album, artist, or genrechosen by the user. The user can then alter the stationselections by voting for the song to stay in the collection(thumbs up) or be excluded (thumbs down).To register for Pandora, a user must supply a U.S.-based zip code to prove residency; using Pandora isforbidden outside of the United States. In addition tozip codes, geographic location is confirmed via InternetProtocol (IP) addresses. IP addresses are assigned tocomputer systems based on location.IP addresses outside of the United States areautomatically blocked from accessing Pandora. Instead,IP addresses outside of the country receive a Web pagestating that access is not permitted in the country inVolume 57, Number 3, August 2010 l Technical Communication 313
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AUGUST 2010Volume 57 Number 3SPECIA
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PresidentMichael A. HughesVice Pres
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VoLuME 57, NuMBER 3AUGUST 2010ISSN
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Guest EditorialKirk St.Amant and Ma
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Applied ResearchTechnical Communica
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Applied ResearchNicole St. Germaine
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- Page 25 and 26: Applied TheoryTatiana BatovaIntrodu
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