Ramadhan - Rabetah

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Islam & Science 4 Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and the scientific methods are outstanding. He is thought to have laid the foundation for optical research we find nowadays. Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was born in 965 C.E. in Basra, and was educated in Basra and Baghdad. He made a thorough examination of the passage of light through various media and is credited for discovering the laws of refraction. He also carried out the first experiments on the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. His famous book Kitab-al- Manadhir was translated into Latin in the Middle Ages, as also his book dealing with the colours of sunset. He dealt at length with the theory of various physical phenomena like shadows, eclipses, the rainbow, and speculated on the physical nature of light. He is the first to describe accurately the various parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation of the process of vision. He also attempted to explain binocular vision, and gave a correct explanation of the apparent increase in size of the sun and the moon when near the horizon. He is known for the earliest use of the camera obscurer. Through these extensive researches on optics, he has been considered as the father of modern Optics. Diagram of eye and how it works by al-Haytham Latin translation of his main work, Kitab-al-Manadhir, exerted a great influence upon Western science e.g. on the work of Roger Bacon and Kepler. It brought about a great progress in experimental methods. His research in catoptrics centred on spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration. He made The the important observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and refraction does not remain constant and investigated the magnifying power of a lens. His catoptrics contains the important problem known as Alhazen's problem. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the plane of a circle meeting at a point on the circumference and making equal angles with the normal at that point. This leads to an equation of the fourth degree. In his book Mizan al-Hikmah, Ibn al-Haitham has discussed the density of the atmosphere and developed a relation between it and the height. He also studied atmospheric refraction. He discovered that the twilight only ceases or begins when the sun is 19° below the horizon and attempted to measure the height of the atmosphere on that basis. He has also discussed the theories of attraction between masses, and it seems that he was aware of the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity. His contribution to mathematics and physics was extensive. In mathematics, he developed analytical geometry by establishing linkage between algebra and geometry. He studied the mechanics of motion of a body and was the first to maintain that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. This would seem equivalent to the first law of motion. The list of his books runs to over 200, very few of which have survived. His monumental treatise on optics survived through its Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on cosmology were translated into Latin, Hebrew and other languages. In his writing, one can see a clear development of the scientific methods as developed and applied by the Muslims and comprising the systematic observation of physical phenomena and their linking together into a scientific theory. This was a major breakthrough in scientific methodology, as distinct from guess and gesture, and placed scientific pursuits on a sound foundation comprising systematic relationship between observation, hypothesis and verification. Ibn al-Haitham's influence on physical sciences in general, and optics in particular, has been held in high esteem and, in fact, it ushered in a new era in optical research, both in theory and practice. Fruits Eaten By Rasulullah Abdullah ibn Jaafar says, “Rasulullah ate Qith‟thaa (cucumbers) with dates.” Commentary Cucumber has a cold effect and dates have a hot one. By combining the two it becomes mild. From this Hadith we gather that it is recommended that the effect (hot or cold) of things eaten should be taken into consideration. Cucumber is insipid and tasteless, and dates are sweet which results in the cucumber also tasting sweet. Aisha radiyallah anha reports that, “Rasulullah ate watermelon with fresh dates.” Commentary In Tirmidhi and other narrations, in explaining this, Sayyidina Rasulullah also said, “The cold effect of one removes the heat of the other, and the heat of one removes the cold effect of the other.” Issue 31 www.rabetah.com Sept/Oct 2010
Guidance In order to maximise our time and perform our 'ibaadat with ease, we should try to follow a set routine or timetable. Hereunder is a suggested timetable. We must wake up for suhoor as it is a Sunnah of our Rasulullah . He has informed us that the food of suhoor is full of barakah. We should arrange our time for suhoor in such a way that we are also able to perform Tahajjud together with du'aa. Rasulullah has said that the du'aa in the darkness of the night (after Tahajjud) is readily accepted by Allah. (Tirmizi) Everyone in the house should wake up and engage in 'ibaadat in the darkness and isolation of their own rooms. Shed tears and ask Allah for your needs. Rasulullah has encouraged his followers to cry when making du'aa. Crying and weeping attracts mercy. When one sheds tears whilst beseeching his Lord, the Mercy of the Lord will enshroud him. Read Fajr with congregation. After Fajr remain engaged in 'ibaadat till 15-20 minutes after sunrise and perform 4 rak'aat Ishraaq. Salaat ul Duhaa. Before Zawwal, perform Salaat ul Duhaa (Chaasht). Zuhr. Perform Zuhr with congregation. If possible, engage in 'ibaadat for a while and have a short rest with the intention of Qayloolah (siesta) – a Sunnah of timetable set out above. our beloved Prophet . STORIES OF PIOUS WOMEN May Allah accept our efforts and make every moment Asr and Iftar. Perform 'Asr. The time between 'Asr and of this month a means of receiving His Mercy, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi (Rahmatullahi Alayh) Maghrib is very valuable, especially for du'aa. We must make the effort to perform our 'Asr with congregation and then remain in the Masjid until Maghrib. This is the best part of the day, which we do not value, only because of our desire for food. Rasulullah said, "There are three groups of people whose du'aa is not rejected; the fasting person until he breaks the fast..." (Ahmad) When Allah has made a promise through His Prophet , there is no doubt in the acceptance of these supplications. We should be making du'aa with attention and concentration. If our hearts and minds are not in our du'aa, then they may not be answered. 15-20 minutes before Maghrib, we should raise our hands in du'aa until Adhaan. In this way, everyone will be engrossed in their own 'ibaadat. Therefore value this time between 'Asr and Maghrib. I would request my sisters not to spend the time between 'Asr and Maghrib in the kitchen. After performing Maghrib read 6 Rakats of Awwaabeen. Some 'Ulama have said that two rak'aat sunnat and two rak'aat nafl of Maghrib can also become part of the 6 rak'aat awwaabeen. Hence, performing only two rak'aat after the sunnat and nafl of Maghrib will suffice. During the summer months there is a less time between Maghrib and 'Isha, therefore we should eat a light meal, take a short rest and prepare oneself for the Isha and Taraweeh Salah. Thereafter return to the Masjid and engage yourself in 'ibaadat. Take great care not to get involved in any worldly talk. The sisters should note that 20 rak'aat Taraweeh is sunnat-e-mu'akkadah for them too. They must perform Taraweeh after 'Isha. After Taraweeh, go straight home. Do not loiter around outside the Masjid wasting time. At home, remain in 'ibaadat until you go to sleep. Sleep with the intention of waking up for Tahajjud and suhoor. Bayaans. Although the month of <strong>Ramadhan</strong> is solely for 'ibaadat, we should try and attend programmes taking place in the Masjid led by our 'Ulama. These are for our own benefit. There are many of us who are very sinful and during this month our hearts are softened and more receptive; by listening to the wise words of our 'Ulama the chances of bringing good deeds into practice are greater. Our hearts are blackened by and full of sins and by listening to these discourses and sitting in the company of the 'Ulama and the pious, change will definitely occur in our hearts, Insha‘Allah. Everyone should try to take rest in order to conserve energy for the compulsory 'ibaadat. There is no point in remaining in nafl 'ibaadat and not getting rest, which will result in tiredness and laziness at the time of compulsory Salaat, etc. Hence, every person should fix a convenient time for rest and include it in the Blessing and Forgiveness. May we all be granted a place in Jannah. Aameen. New Place of worship Healey Ibaadat Khana Contact Moulana Azizur Rahman Lorgat 07872 628230 or Intikhab Patel Issue 31 www.rabetah.com Sept/Oct 2010 5
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