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28 Polymer materials – mainly Topas Glass transition temperature (°C) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 9605 8007 6013 5013 6015 6017 50 60 70 80 90 Norbornene content (wt %) Figure 3.2: The glass transition temperature of different grades of Topas as a function of the norbonene content. A high norbonene content yields a high Tg. 1 VN = c( t − 1) t0 (3.1) where c is the concentration of the polymer in the solvent and t and t0 are the flow times of the solution and the solvent alone, respectively. For Topas, the viscosity number is measured using a solution of 0.02% Topas in the solvent decaline at 135℃. The heat deflection temperature is the temperature at which a polymer rod of a given size is deflected irrerversibly when applying a load. Due to different test methods, the heat deflection temperature is not a well-defined parameter, but rather an indication of the highest temperature at which an injection molded structure can be removed from the tool with a deformation within some acceptable limit. The Table 3.1: Overview of the commercially available grades of Topas, their glass transition temperature Tg and the refractive index at 633 nm. The (small) difference in n between grade 8007 and the higher Tg grades is exploited for making waveguides, as described in Chapter 2.3. Data are taken from [31]. Topas grade 9506 8007 5010 5013 6013 6015 6017 Tg(℃) 65 78 108 134 138 158 178 Refr. index n NA 1.5361 NA 1.5319 NA 1.5320 1.5309
3.4 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)/Topas 29 heat transition temperature usually lies some 5 – 10℃ below the glass transition temperature for a given material. The last two digits of the Topas grade number relate to the heat deflection temperature in the manner that the latter is approximately 10 times the two digits, meaning that Topas grade 5013 has a heat deflection temperature of 130℃. The viscosity number and the heat deflection temperature are (roughly) independent parameters. As stated above, Tg is changed by altering the norbonene content, while the viscosity – and thus the molecular weight – is changed in the polymerisation process, so that the average molecular length is altered. 3.4.2 Optical properties Topas has a number of attractive optical features compared to PMMA, PC and PS. The birefringence is low, especially with high Tg grades, and it has a moderately high refractive index compared to the other polymers. The transparency is similar to that of PMMA and superior to PC and PS in the visible range. In the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, Topas is more transparent than the other polymers, as seen in Fig. 3.3. Transmission (%) 100 80 60 40 20 Quartz glass (Fused Silica) Topas ® 8007 X-10 COC PS PC PMMA Quartz glass (Fused Silica) Glass (BK7) PMMA Glass (BK7) 0 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 Wavelength (nm) 340 360 380 400 Figure 3.3: Ultraviolet transmission spectrum of Topas grade 8007 compared to PMMA, PC, PS and two glass types. At around 260 nm, Topas is still half transparent, contrary to the other polymer types, which are not transparent. Adapted from [33]. PS PC
Page 1 and 2: Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems
Page 3 and 4: Preface This thesis is one of the r
Page 5 and 6: joining the substrate, optical laye
Page 7 and 8: Disse metoder inkluderer: • Mikro
Page 9 and 10: Many thanks to the collaborators in
Page 11 and 12: microfluidic systems. In Klavs Jens
Page 13 and 14: Contents Preface i Abstract ii Resu
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS xiii 5 Optical waveguides
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction In the last
Page 19 and 20: 1.1 Downscaling 3 Figure 1.1: Scali
Page 21: 1.2 Prototyping of microfluidic sys
Page 24 and 25: 8 Theoretical aspects - microfluidi
Page 26 and 27: 10 Theoretical aspects - microfluid
Page 38 and 39: 22 Polymer materials - mainly Topas
Page 52 and 53: 36 Fabrication methods results are
Page 54 and 55: 38 Fabrication methods An impressiv
Page 56 and 57: 40 Fabrication methods Average roug
Page 58 and 59: 42 Fabrication methods a b c d e 1m
Page 60 and 61: 44 Fabrication methods Generally, t
Page 62 and 63: 46 Fabrication methods branch. Sec-
Page 64 and 65: 48 Fabrication methods and the heig
Page 66 and 67: 50 Fabrication methods Topas on Top
Page 68 and 69: 52 Fabrication methods Table 4.2: C
Page 70 and 71: 54 Fabrication methods Figure 4.8:
Page 72 and 73: 56 Fabrication methods that the str
Page 74 and 75: 58 Fabrication methods the excimer
Page 76 and 77: 60 Fabrication methods 500 µm 500
Page 78 and 79: 62 Fabrication methods wedge tests
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 5 Optical waveguides in Top
Page 83 and 84: 5.1 Waveguide fabrication 67 It sho
Page 85 and 86: 5.2 Propagation loss measurements 6
Page 87 and 88: 5.3 Thermal treatment of the surfac
Page 93 and 94: 5.4 Optical cuvette absorbance meas
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5.4 Optical cuvette absorbance meas
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5.5 A refractive index sensor 81 fr
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5.5 A refractive index sensor 83 a
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5.6 Summary 85 5.5.3 Improvements I
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Until further notice, Chapter 6 is
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96 Discussion and outlook transpare
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References [1] A. Manz, N. Graber,
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REFERENCES 101 [20] David Walton an
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REFERENCES 103 [41] Kiha Lee and Da
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REFERENCES 105 prototyping of polym
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REFERENCES 107 [81] M. Grumann, J.
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