Car Ownership? Evidence from the Copenhagen Metropolitan Area

second stage we put the estimated values of the alternative-specific constants on the left-hand
side of (12) and estimate its coefficients using OLS and IV.
5.1 The average household
Tables 3.a and 3.b show the results of the second stage, which refers to the utility attached by the
average Danish household to the various choice alternatives. Table 3a refers to the single-earner
households and 3b to the dual-earner households, respectively. Tables 4.a and 4.b report the
coefficients that show deviations from the average utilities are related to household
characteristics, for the same groups of households.
Table 3.a Second step estimation results for single earner households: decomposition of the
household’s mean indirect utilities
[1] [2]
OLS IV (2SLS)
Employment access with public transport / 1000 * dummy variable indicating no car 0.008*** 0.007*
(0.003)
(0.004)
Proximity to the nearest metro station (km) * dummy variable indicating no car 0.454** 0.547**
(0.207)
(0.230)
Dummy variable indicating one car 0.960*** 0.889***
(0.227)
(0.304)
Dummy variable indicating non‐apartment 1.432*** 1.980***
(0.235)
(0.353)
Log (standardized house,apartment price) ‐2.178*** ‐3.032***
(0.324)
(0.517)
Share of higher educated 1.874*** 3.130***
(0.532)
(1.043)
Number of conserved/protected buildings per sq.m. 0.937*** 0.903***
(0.167)
(0.167)
Distance to the CBD. 0.020** 0.016*
(0.008)
(0.009)
Social housing (share) ‐0.418**
‐0.410*
(0.206)
(0.219)
Dummy variable indicating non‐apartment * dummy variable indicating one car 0.128
0.126
(0.151)
(0.152)
Dummy variable indicating parking charging * dummy variable indicating one car ‐0.168
‐0.179
(0.194)
(0.196)
Constant ‐1.189*** ‐0.937**
(0.324)
(0.392)
R‐squared 0.214
No. of observations 538 538
Notes: standard errors in parentheses; standardized house/apartment price, share of higher educated and employment access with public transport
are instrumented; see Table A.2.1 in the Appendix A.2 for first-stage regression estimates of the 2SLS; ***, ** indicate that estimates are
significantly different from zero at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
α's
β's
γ's
Table 3.b Second step estimation results for dual earners households: decomposition of the
household’s mean indirect utilities
[1] [2]
17 That is ∑
, see (10).
22