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Human dimensions<br />
state’s salmon, restricted <strong>the</strong> state’s ability to regulate tribal fishing, and established <strong>the</strong><br />
duty of state and federal governments to protect salmon habitat (Northwest Indian<br />
Fisheries Commission, 2015).<br />
a. The Rafeedie Decision in 1994 extended this clarification of treaty rights to<br />
include half of all shellfish from usual and accustomed places, except for those<br />
“staked or cultivated” by citizens (Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission,<br />
2015).<br />
26. Since 1990, <strong>the</strong> State of Washington’s Growth Management Act (36.70a RCW) has<br />
required state and local governments in counties with a population of 50,000 or more<br />
and population growth between 10-20% for <strong>the</strong> years 1985-1995 to manage growth by<br />
identifying and protecting critical areas and natural resource lands, designating urban<br />
growth areas, preparing comprehensive plans, and implementing <strong>the</strong>m through capital<br />
investments and regulations (Washington State, 1990). While <strong>the</strong> state establishes goals<br />
and deadlines for compliance, local governments choose <strong>the</strong> specific content and<br />
implementation strategies of <strong>the</strong>ir comprehensive plans. This has resulted in significant<br />
collaboration among counties and cities to protect natural areas in fast-growing areas<br />
(<strong>Puget</strong> <strong>Sound</strong> Regional Council, 2009).<br />
a. Between 1986 and 2007, urban land cover increased from 8% to 19% in six<br />
Central <strong>Puget</strong> <strong>Sound</strong> counties (King, Pierce, Snohomish, Kitsap, Thurston,<br />
Island), with <strong>the</strong> largest and fastest increases happening outside urban growth<br />
boundaries (Hepinstall-Cymerman et al., 2013). During that same time, lowland<br />
forest coverage decreased from 21% to 13% and grass and agriculture decreased<br />
from 11% to 8%.<br />
27. Washington’s Shoreline Management Act requires all cities and counties to prepare and<br />
adopt a Shoreline Master Program (SMP) that designates shoreline use, environmental<br />
protection, and public access to all marine waters, streams and rivers with greater than<br />
20 cubic feet per second mean annual flow, lakes 20 acres or larger, shorelands that<br />
extend 200 feet landward, wetlands, and floodplains. These programs must be approved<br />
by Washington State Department of Ecology. As of August 2015, 33 of <strong>Puget</strong> <strong>Sound</strong>’s<br />
cities had completed SMPs. Six of <strong>Puget</strong> <strong>Sound</strong>’s coastal counties had completed SMPs,<br />
three had SMPs under review, and three were still under development (Washington State<br />
Department of Ecology, 2015).<br />
28. <strong>About</strong> 15% of <strong>Puget</strong> <strong>Sound</strong> falls within a marine protected area (Osterberg, 2012). There<br />
are 110 officially designated marine protected areas in <strong>Puget</strong> <strong>Sound</strong>, encompassing<br />
366,503 acres and about 600 miles of shoreline (Van Cleve, 2009). These protected<br />
areas have been established and or managed by 10 different local, county, state and<br />
federal agencies and are classified into 12 different types, varying in allowed levels of<br />
access and harvest (Osterberg, 2012).<br />
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