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2015 Puget Sound Factbook Book | v3.0 b. Armoring is correlated with beach narrowing and reduced shade and drift log abundance because of increased sediment transport (Johannessen & MacLennan, 2007; Fresh et al., 2011). Fine-grain sediment is mobilized preferentially, decreasing the volume of beach sediment and leaving only the coarse material behind. This erosion can reduce the potential upper intertidal fine gravel and sand spawning areas for surf smelt and sand lance, forage fish for Pacific salmon. 14. The embayment shoreforms (‘embayment’ refers to bays and bay-like formations) have suffered the most significant declines in numbers of all natural Puget Sound shoreform segments (Schlenger et al., 2011). a. 305 embayment shoreforms have been lost or transitioned to an artificial shoreform, from 884 under historical conditions to 579 currently, a 35% reduction (Fresh et al., 2011; Schlenger et al., 2011). 15. Embayment shoreforms in Puget Sound have also lost significant shoreline length. a. From an embayment shoreline length of about 1,100 km (23.2% of total shoreline), only about 600 km (15.0%) exist currently, a decline of nearly 46% (Fresh et al., 2011; Schlenger et al., 2011). This reduction in length occurred nearly evenly among all embayment shoreform types. b. Armoring is the main modification to embayment shoreforms, with 18% of the shoreline length of embayments armored (Fresh et al., 2011). Many of these changes are due to fill, tidal barriers, or roads that, in addition to removing natural shoreform features, tend to straighten and simplify the shoreline (Schlenger et al., 2011). 16. Embayments provide high value nearshore habitat for juvenile salmon (Schlenger et al., 2011). a. The sheltered condition that embayments provide can make them suitable for native shellfish, eelgrass and kelp beds, and shorebirds. b. Coastal inlets often contain creek deltas, with extensive and complex wetlands providing some of the ecosystem services found in river deltas, and are critical habitat for juvenile Pacific Salmon (Cereghino et al., 2012). References Brennan, J.S., and H. Culverwell. 2004 Marine Riparian: An Assessment of Riparian Functions in Marine Ecosystems. Published by Washington Sea Grant Program Copyright 2005, UW Board of Regents, Seattle, WA. 34 p. Available at https://wsg.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Marine-Riparian- Function-Assessment.pdf 62
Habitats Cereghino, P., J. Toft, C. Simenstad, E. Iverson, S. Campbell, C. Behrens, J. Burke. 2012. Strategies for nearshore protection and restoration in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Nearshore Report No. 2012-01. Published by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington. Available at www.pugetsoundnearshore.org Clancy, M., I. Logan, J. Lowe, J. Johannessen, A. MacLennan, F.B. Van Cleve, J. Dillon, B. Lyons, R. Carman, P. Cereghino, B. Barnard, C. Tanner, D. Myers, R. Clark, J. White, C. A. Simenstad, M. Gilmer, and N. Chin. 2009. Management Measures for Protecting the Puget Sound Nearshore. Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project Report No. 2009-01. Published by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Available at www.pugetsoundnearshore.org Downing, J. 1983. The Coast of Puget Sound: Its Processes and Development. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 126 p. Finlayson, D. 2006. The geomorphology of Puget Sound beaches. Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership Report No. 2006-02. Published by Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Available at http://pugetsoundnearshore.org Fresh K., M. Dethier, C. Simenstad, M. Logsdon, H. Shipman, C. Tanner, T. Leschine, T. Mumford, G. Gelfenbaum, R. Shuman, J. Newton. 2011. Implications of Observed Anthropogenic Changes to the Nearshore Ecosystems in Puget Sound. Prepared for the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project. Technical Report 2011-03. Available at www.pugetsoundnearshore.org Gaydos, J., L. Dierauf, G. Kirby, D. Brosnan, K. Gilardi, G. Davis. 2009. Top 10 Principles for Designing Healthy Coastal Ecosystems Like the Salish Sea. EcoHealth Conservation Medicine: Human Health: Ecosystem Sustainability 5:209 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009- 0209-1. Gelfenbaum, G., T. Mumford, J. Brennan, H. Case, M. Dethier, K. Fresh, F. Goetz, M. van Heeswijk, T.M., Leschine, M. Logsdon, D. Myers, J. Newton, H. Shipman, C.A. Simenstad, C. Tanner, and D. Woodson, 2006. Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound: A research plan in support of the Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership. Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership Report No. 2006-1. Published by the U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, Washington. Available at http://pugetsoundnearshore.org Johannessen, J. and A. MacLennan. 2007. Beaches and Bluffs of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership Report No. 2007-04. Published by Seattle District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington. Available at www.pugetsoundnearshore.org Rice, C.A. 2006. Effects of shoreline modification on a northern Puget Sound beach: microclimate and embryo mortality in surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus). Estuaries and Coasts 29:63–71. 63
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