Making Every Baby Count

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compared to the actual numbers of registered perinatal deaths, as an indication of how well the system captures perinatal deaths, and how many cases are likely being missed. However, even in settings with fewer deaths, analysing a case with relevant learning points can still yield valuable information on modifiable factors and lead to improvements in the quality of care. Table 3.1. Expected number of facility-based perinatal deaths (stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life) at various levels of mortality at the facility Births Expected number* of facility-based perinatal deaths per year for a range of in-facility perinatal mortality rates (PMRs) Per year PMR 20 PMR 30 PMR 40 PMR 50 156 3 5 6 8 260 5 8 10 13 364 7 11 15 18 520 10 16 21 26 780 16 23 31 39 1040 21 31 42 52 1300 26 39 52 65 1560 31 47 62 78 2080 42 62 83 104 2600 52 78 104 130 3900 78 117 156 195 5200 104 156 208 260 * Calculated as: expected number = (perinatal mortality rate) × (no. of births per year) ∕ 1000. At any health-care facility, the number of perinatal deaths will be much higher than the number of maternal deaths. Depending on the staffing and workload at the facility, it may be prudent for the mortality audit committee to start by reviewing a selection of stillbirths and neonatal deaths, to reduce the length of review meetings. For more information, see Step 4: Recommending solutions. If there is no pre-existing, current list of all stillbirths and neonatal deaths that occur at the health-care facility, this will need to be created by the mortality audit steering committee to improve capture of perinatal deaths for review. The list should include an identifying code or initials and the baby’s date of birth, to avoid duplicate entry of the same death, as well as which unit recorded the death. The following questions can assist in the selection of sources to investigate and use in the review process: • Where are deaths likely to occur in the facility? 32 MAKING EVERY BABY COUNT: AUDIT AND REVIEW OF STILLBIRTHS AND NEONATAL DEATHS
• Which deaths do I want to collect more detailed information on? (e.g. all or a subset of antepartum stillbirths, intrapartum stillbirths, early neonatal deaths, late neonatal deaths, a particular range of birth weights or gestational ages, see below and Box 3.1) • What kinds of records exist? (e.g. labour and birth registers, postnatal registers, emergency or operating theatre records, discharge logs with status of patient, paediatric registers) • Are the records paper-based or electronic? • Are all the records housed in one location, or are they scattered? Once all the places where the data might be located have been identified, a plan for systematically reviewing these sources may be created that includes a schedule for checking various registers and departments. If the burden of stillbirths and neonatal deaths is high it may not be feasible to review all cases. Further, if human resources are limited – e.g. if there is only one data collector who can work only part-time for the review committee – the committee may decide to select a subset of cases for detailed review (e.g. only the cases that take place in the first week of each month) or to take a thematic approach (e.g. for a specified number of meetings, only deaths attributed to sepsis will be reviewed, followed by a different cause of death), or to limit review to cases that are most likely to be preventable (e.g. intrapartum stillbirths and neonatal deaths among near-term babies). Step 2: Collecting information For every death, decisions must be taken as to what information is recorded, where the information is recorded, who records it, and who collates it on a periodic basis both for the death review process and for reporting to other levels within the system such as facility- and district-level administration, the national ministry of health, as well as intersectoral systems such as CRVS. It is important to limit the data collected. Having too many difficult or highly detailed questions with no apparent purpose alienates busy staff who are required to fill in the forms. If a use for the data cannot be identified, then the data should not be collected. Having a clear understanding of the data analysis plan will help with these decisions. Ideally, deaths are reviewed within a week of the event. Depending on the interval of the mortality audit review meetings (e.g. biweekly or monthly), the total number of deliveries, stillbirths and neonatal deaths during that time period is captured on a standardized data capture form by the designated staff members. These are usually physicians or midwives, though they can be data clerks if these cadres are available. In all cases, those entering data should be trained on the system and the reasons for its use. Data abstraction/collection forms may be either paper-based or computerized/electronic, but they should include clear directions about exactly what information is to be collected. It is helpful to pilottest and then revise these forms as needed prior to use and to allow for future review and updates. Most of the abstracted data will be quantitative, and the form should have clearly designated data entry fields. If items are pre-coded, all possible responses should be captured (including missing responses) or a space should be provided for entering other values. Because data may at times be abstracted as text, such as the description of a chain MAKING EVERY BABY COUNT: AUDIT AND REVIEW OF STILLBIRTHS AND NEONATAL DEATHS 33
Page 1 and 2: Making Every Baby Count Audit and r
Page 3: Making Every Baby Count Audit and r
Page 6 and 7: 4.3 The six-step mortality audit cy
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements The World Health O
Page 10 and 11: Foreword Pregnancy is a time of gre
Page 12 and 13: in the future. The process of routi
Page 14 and 15: Key messages of this guide • Audi
Page 16 and 17: 1 Getting started
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 Why is this guide important? Co
Page 20 and 21: Importantly, it is not sufficient t
Page 22 and 23: 2 Definitions and classification Th
Page 24 and 25: There are also numerous ways to app
Page 26 and 27: TABLE 2.1. Mortality rate definitio
Page 28 and 29: application of ICD-10 to deaths dur
Page 30 and 31: Box 2.1. Background and contextual
Page 32 and 33: • Family- or patient-related: e.g
Page 34 and 35: 3 Auditing deaths that occur at the
Page 36 and 37: Within each facility, at least two
Page 40 and 41: of events that led to death, text b
Page 42 and 43: • the number of antepartum (or ma
Page 44 and 45: Possible actions include interventi
Page 46 and 47: Step 6: Evaluating and refining The
Page 48 and 49: 4 Auditing deaths that occur in the
Page 50 and 51: (e.g. individuals who conduct routi
Page 52 and 53: The most effective mechanism for in
Page 54 and 55: Step 1.2: Notification and reportin
Page 56 and 57: It may be easier for an information
Page 58 and 59: Geospatial analyses may be very ben
Page 60 and 61: 5 Creating an enabling environment
Page 62 and 63: will help facilitate the process fo
Page 64 and 65: Maternal and Perinatal Death Review
Page 66 and 67: 6 Scaling up audit for quality and
Page 68 and 69: FIGURE 6.1. Dimensions of a phased
Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 6.2. Example of data flow in
Page 72 and 73: References 1. Maternal death survei
Page 74 and 75: 39. Bradshaw D, Chopra M, Kerber K,
Page 76 and 77: Annexes Annex 1 Stillbirth and Neon
Page 78 and 79: 3.6 Fetal heart sounds on admission
Page 80 and 81: Annex 1b. Guidance for completing t
Page 82 and 83: • “unknown” if the total numb
Page 84 and 85: • If fetal heart sounds were not
Page 86 and 87: -- If a “delay 1” is present, c
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. antepartum complications Annex 2:
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Annex 2b. Guidance for completing t
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2.1b: Cause of death - intrapartum
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Annex 3b. Guidance for collecting t
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3) If there is no gestational age e
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Annex 4. Approaches for classifying
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There are multiple tools available
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to their occurrence - are entered o
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Annex 6. Sample mortality audit mee
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Annex 8: Stillbirth and Neonatal Mo
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Annex 8b. Guidance for completing t
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Steps 1. Understand the steps of th
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INFORMED CONSENT FORM (INTERVIEWEE
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SEQUENTIAL NUMBER SECTION 1. INTER
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SECTION 3. INFORMATION ON THE DECEA
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ASK THE RESPONDENT: What do you thi
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4.4.2 Before the woman became pregn
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4.16.2 During the last 3 months of
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5.5 How many hours or days passed b
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5.18 Would you say the baby’s siz
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5.33 Did the baby ever move, even a
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SECTION 6. NEONATAL ILLNESS HISTORY
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6.17 Did the baby have a swollen st
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SECTION 7. HISTORY OF INJURIES/ACCI
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8.7 What were the reasons the baby
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8.15.2 What difficulties did you ha
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SECTION 9. DATA ABSTRACTED FROM REC
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VA Supervisor comments and observat
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