Arab Human Development Report 2016

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Maghreb countries saw a reduction in rates, ranging from 4 per 1,000 in Tunisia to around 13 per 1,000 in Morocco. The rates in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar are the lowest in the region and approach the rates in high-income developed countries. Though the rates in the least developed countries are improving, progress is slow, and the rates are still unacceptably high. In all Mashreq countries, Maghreb countries (except Tunisia), Qatar and the least developed countries in the region, the 25–29 age-group faces a higher burden of mortality, accounting for around 40 percent of all deaths among youth deaths (figure 5.2). By contrast, in Kuwait and United Arab Emirates, more deaths occur among adolescents (15–19 years), while in Bahrain, Oman, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia, more deaths occur in the 20–24 age-group than the other youth age-groups. The main causes of death among the 15–29 agegroup are almost equally divided among diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory tract infections and other infectious diseases; cardiovascular diseases; transport injuries; and unintentional injuries (annex 2 table A.15). 15 The main causes of disability-adjusted life years in this age-group are diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory tract infections and other infectious diseases; cardiovascular and circulatory diseases; mental and behavioural disorders; musculoskeletal disorders; unintentional injuries; transport injuries; other non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Road traffic injuries and deaths: a plague among more well off young men Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in the 15–29 age-group globally, and about 75 percent of traffic-related mortality occurs among young males. 16 In a comparison across 193 countries, five Arab countries were among the top 25 in the fatality rate associated with road accidents per 100,000 population, and 10 were among the top 25 in fatalities due to road accidents as a share of fatalities from all causes. Four Arab countries were the highest in the world on this indicator: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and United Arab Emirates. 17 The global burden of morbidity and mortality associated with road traffic events among youth suggest that these have implications for this age-group in Arab countries. The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region exhibits the second-highest number of road traffic deaths per 100,000 population among WHO world regions, second only to Africa. Globally, road traffic fatality rates are more than two times greater in low-income countries than in high-income countries. In the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, however, this trend is reversed: the rate is 21.7 deaths per 100,000 population in high-income countries in the region versus 8.7 deaths per 100,000 population in high-income countries globally. 18 The distribution of deaths by type of road user in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region shows that vulnerable road users account for 45 percent Figure 5.2 Mortality by age category, 15–29 age-group, Arab countries % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Egypt Jordan Iraq Lebanon Syria Libya Algeria Morocco Tunisia Qatar Oman Bahrain Saudi Arabia Kuwait UAE Mauritania Yemen Sudan Comoros Djibouti Somalia Mashreq Maghreb GCC LDCs Age Category 15–19 20–24 25–29 Source: WHO 2012a.
of fatalities (annex 2 figure A.9). However, in highincome countries, 63 percent of fatalities occur among car occupants. 19 Men account for 75 percent of fatalities associated with road traffic events in the same WHO region, and 63 percent of fatalities occur among the 15–44 age-group. 20 This does not tell the whole story: it is estimated that there are at least 20 nonfatal road traffic injuries for every road traffic fatality. 21 Thus, in a hospital-based study on road traffic crashes in Libya in 2001–2010, individuals in the 20–29 age-group accounted for the highest share of traffic-related patients; men represented 81 percent of such patients. 22 In Qatar, a hospital-based study in 2006–2010 found that road traffic crashes constituted 42.1 percent of all injuries. Of these, almost half (49.4 percent) were among the 15–29 age-group; and almost 90 percent (87.7 percent) were among men. 23 A national study in Bahrain in 2003–2010 indicated that under-25-year-olds accounted for 40 percent of road traffic fatalities. Within this age-range, death rates were generally higher among 15–19-year-olds and 20–24-year-olds than among other age-groups. 24 Traffic-safety rules should cover five key areas: seat belts, child restraints, drunk-driving, excessive speed, and motorcycle helmets. 25 Only five Arab countries require all passengers to wear seat belts (Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine and Saudi Arabia); two have comprehensive speeding laws and child restraint laws (Sudan and Tunisia for the former; Palestine and Saudi Arabia for the latter); seven have comprehensive drunk-driving laws (Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Qatar, Syria, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates); and three have comprehensive motorcycle helmet laws (Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia). Enforcement is a problem, however. Only 37 percent of the countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region rated the implementation of any of these laws as ‘good’. 26 The problem will only grow; car use is accelerating in Arab countries. Between 2009 and 2013, 8 million additional vehicles came onto the roads in the same WHO region. Some NGOs have tried to raise awareness, particularly among youth, and to advocate for policy change and stronger legal enforcement. Non-communicable disease: an increasing burden NCDs are the leading cause of global deaths, resulting in two thirds of deaths worldwide in 2008 and 2010; 80 percent of these deaths occurred in low- to middle-income countries. 27 In the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region in 2005, 50 percent of all deaths were due to NCDs, and the regional NCD burden is increasing. 28 In the Arab region, nutrition-related NCDs are the leading cause of NCD deaths, the other risk factors being physical inactivity, tobacco and alcohol use. 29 One-fourth of the adult population in this region is hypertensive and six Arab countries are among the top 10 worldwide for diabetes prevalence. 30 Overweight and obesity are important public health concerns in the Arab region. Data suggest that 20–40 percent of under-18-year-olds are overweight or obese in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (annex 2 figure A.10). 31 Sexual and reproductive health: a delicate discourse In Arab countries, sexual and reproductive health among youth is often a sensitive topic surrounded by political and cultural barriers: some countries still have significant proportions of 15–19-yearolds marrying; FGM remains a problem in some countries, and young people are engaging in sexual relations outside marriage or in alternative marriage arrangements, particularly in countries with a higher mean age of marriage. 32 Arab countries have experienced an overall trend towards delayed marriage, but there are, nonetheless, population groups among which early marriage and childbearing remains common. In Arab countries overall, 15 percent of women in the 20–24 age-group had married prior to age 18. According to the available data, 0–14 percent of girls in Arab countries marry by the age of 15, and from 2 to 34 percent marry by the age of 18. 33 The highest rates of early marriage occur in the least developed countries, Comoros, Mauritania, Sudan and Yemen. A report of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA 2012a) indicates that two Arab countries (Sudan and Yemen) showed rates of 30 percent or more of women currently aged 20–24 who had married before they were 18. Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia show the lowest rates of early marriage among girls in Arab countries on which data are available (figure 5.3). Cultural and traditional values in Arab countries encourage families to have daughters marry before age 18. Girls who marry early are pressured by their families to have children quickly, and they are more likely to have less knowledge about family planning and sexual and reproductive health than their older counterparts; they and their offspring thus face greater health risks. A recent UNICEF report (2014a) provides some hope, indicating that, among all regions, the Middle East and North Africa “Made the fastest progress in reducing child
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Arab Human Development Report 2016
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Foreword by the Administrator, UNDP
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Foreword by the Regional Director,
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Finally, the third level relates to
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Report Team Youth Consultative Grou
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Acronyms and abbreviations IMR IoM
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Contents Chapter 1 Youth and human
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Contents • Non-communicable disea
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Contents 8.1 The United Nations Sec
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Chapter 1 Youth and human developme
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Figure 1.1 The changing share of yo
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The defining vision of the AHDR ser
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made more acute by the institutiona
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1.4.1 The failure of the Arab devel
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projects, unproductive public secto
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and kept women subordinated at home
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The uprisings of 2011 prompted the
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Box 1.5 Youth: The need to belong L
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Israel by their countries. Only 21
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Table 1.4 Military spending, select
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Endnotes 1 UNDP 2013c. 2 UNDP 2014a
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Chapter 2 Values, identities and ci
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gender equality and waning obedienc
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In most Arab countries, youth exper
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Figure 2.2 Self-Expression by age g
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Figure 2.3 Mobile cellular subscrip
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are scarce, whether a university ed
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Figure 2.7 Gender equality before a
Page 59 and 60: Arab region are more pious than oth
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.3 The relationship between
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.4 Indicators of formal barr
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2.11 Support for democracy b
Page 67 and 68: Even in 2013, opposition to the sep
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2.14 Social and religious to
Page 71 and 72: Endnotes 1 Inglehart and Welzel 201
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Education and the transit
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.1 Average years of schooli
Page 77 and 78: 3.2 Inequality of opportunity in ed
Page 79 and 80: Box 3.1 Steffen Hertog Characterist
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.2 Youth unemployment rate
Page 83 and 84: 3.5 Policies that could help labour
Page 85 and 86: egulatory costs in starting and run
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Page 90 and 91: 4.1 The challenges facing young wom
Page 92 and 93: Box 4.1 Aseel Alawadhi: Cancellatio
Page 94 and 95: Box 4.2 Hibaaq Osman: Girls in conf
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.1 Population and reproducti
Page 98 and 99: Box 4.3 Islamic feminism across bor
Page 100 and 101: Box 4.4 An inclusive space: Egypt
Page 102 and 103: 4.4 Removing the cultural and econo
Page 104 and 105: Endnotes 1 IRIN 2009. 2 Algeria, Ba
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Health Status and Access
Page 109: on younger adolescents in the 13-15
Page 113 and 114: While FGM is supported by religious
Page 115 and 116: from exposure to tobacco smoke, reg
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.5 Healthy life expectancy,
Page 119 and 120: 5.4 Health interventions to promote
Page 121 and 122: • Money: the services available t
Page 123 and 124: Endnotes 1 WHO defines health promo
Page 125: 71 See http://www.search-institute.
Page 128 and 129: 6.1 Youth in war-torn countries: gr
Page 130 and 131: continue long after peace treaties
Page 132 and 133: Box 6.3 The impact of war and viole
Page 134 and 135: Youth-specific health outcome indic
Page 136 and 137: injury, or a threat of injury, or a
Page 138 and 139: including war, on well-being is med
Page 140 and 141: the larger regional community of kn
Page 142 and 143: eproduce and deepen the negative ef
Page 144 and 145: Endnotes 1 Farmer 2004, p. 307. “
Page 146 and 147: 90 Mehchy 2014, p. 17. 91 Al-Monito
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 7 Exclusion, mobility and m
Page 151 and 152: Figure 7.1 Arab migration by region
Page 153 and 154: than a quarter (26 percent). By com
Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.4 Share of young migrants
Page 157 and 158: of their exclusion at home. 34 The
Page 159 and 160: Box 7.3 Florence Jusot: The impact
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7.4 Some benefits of mobility Young
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Remittances are mainly spent on con
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of practice. Finally, engineering a
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28 The logic was that economic libe
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8.1 Youth in the Arab region: Chall
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Figure 8.1 Perceptions of youth on
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Figure 8.3 Number of terrorist atta
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Figure 8.5 The Arab region: Home to
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Figure 8.7a My World: The prioritie
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of the Arab Centre for Research and
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Disengagement & reintegration 17. E
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Box 8.2 Fahem mish hafez* Tahrir Ac
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likely to grow and generate jobs. T
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Investment in youth participation r
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Bibliography and references List of
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Bibliography and references Psychot
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Bibliography and references Prevent
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Bibliography and references . 2004.
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Bibliography and references Euromon
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Bibliography and references the You
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Bibliography and references . 2014.
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Bibliography and references Lewis,
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Bibliography and references . 2013b
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Bibliography and references Pritche
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Bibliography and references http://
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Bibliography and references . 2013c
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Bibliography and references . 2011c
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Bibliography and references in Arab
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Statistical Appendix
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with their life as a whole, and a s
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Indicators Data Source Age-group Ar
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Annex 1 Human development indicator
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Acronyms and abbreviations HDI GNI
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Human Development Report 2014 - Sus
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Annex 2 Additional figures and tabl
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Figure A.3 Global share of forcibly
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Figure A.7 School-to-work transitio
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Figure A.10 Prevalence of overweigh
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Figure A.13 Life expectancy at birt
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Figure A.15 Altruism towards strang
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Table A.1 Bilateral remittance esti
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Table A.5 Reasons for stopping educ
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Table A.9 Political representation
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Table A.12 Women with unmet contrac
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Table A.16 Migration to and from Ar
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Table A.18 Inward migration to Arab
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272 Notes
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Arab Human Development Report 2016

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