Arab Human Development Report 2016

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Copyright © 2016 By the United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS), 1 UN Plaza, New York, New York, 10017, USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of UNDP/RBAS. Available through: United Nations Publications 2 UN Plaza DC2 - Room 853 New York, NY 10017 USA Telephone: +1 212 963 8302 and 800 253 9646 (From the United States) Email: publications@un.org Web: www.undp.org/rbas and www.arab-hdr.org Cover Design: Impact BBDO, Beirut, Lebanon Layout and Production: Prolance, Beirut, Lebanon ISBN: 978-92-1-126397-8 Sales #: E.15.III.B.12 The analysis and policy recommendations of this Report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board Members or UN Member States. The Report is the work of an independent team of authors sponsored by the Regional Bureau for Arab States, UNDP. 4
Foreword by the Administrator, UNDP Last year, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a vision for transforming global development over the next fifteen years to build a more peaceful, prosperous, sustainable, and inclusive future. The Agenda asserts that young women and men are critical agents of change, and are central to achieving sustainable development. Published at a time when countries are developing in earnest their plans to implement the 2030 Agenda, the “Arab Human Development Report 2016: Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality” strongly echoes this assertion. It calls on Arab States to invest in their youth, and to empower them to engage in development processes. This is a critical and urgent priority in its own right, and it is a prerequisite for achieving tangible and sustainable progress on development and stability for the entire region. The report makes two key arguments for investing in young people in the region: First, that while young people between the ages of fifteen and 29 make up nearly a third of the region›s population, another third are below the age of fifteen. This “demographic momentum” will last for at least the next two decades, and offers an historic opportunity which Arab countries must seize. Second, the report underlines that the wave of protests which has swept through a number of Arab countries since 2011 with youth at the forefront has led to fundamental transformations across the entire region. Some countries have seen new national constitutions, free and fair elections, and a widening of the public participation sphere for previously excluded groups. Elsewhere, however, systems which had maintained stability came under serious challenge, with protracted conflict ensuing. This report emphasizes that empowerment and engagement of youth at this important juncture in the history of the region is essential for laying new and more durable foundations for stability. The report explores the many challenges which youth in the Arab region continue to face. Many continue to receive an education which does not reflect the needs of labour markets. High numbers of young people, particularly young women, are unemployed and excluded from the formal economy. Young people without livelihoods find it difficult to establish an independent home and form their own family units. The risk for these young people is that instead of exploring opportunities and discovering future prospects, they experience frustration, helplessness, alienation, and dependency. It goes without saying that young people across the Arab States have been severely affected by the recent crises. Large numbers of them were swept onto the frontlines of conflicts they did not start. Many died, and many more have lost family members and friends, livelihoods and prospects, and hope in the future. In the face of such challenges, some have joined extremist groups. In response to these challenges, the report argues for youth empowerment from a human development perspective. This defines the goal of development as the expansion of the choices and freedoms available to people to live in ways they want and value. Youth empowerment requires enhancing the capabilities of young people. Delivery systems for basic services, particularly in education and health, must be improved. The opportunities available to youth must be expanded – through economies which generate decent work and encourage entrepreneurship, political environments which encourage freedom of expression and active participation, and social systems which promote equality and act against all forms of discrimination. In 2030, the Arab States will look back to assess what they have achieved over the fifteen years of the SDGs to fulfill the promise of peace, prosperity, and sustainable development for future generations. 5
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Page 3: Arab Human Development Report 2016
Page 7 and 8: Foreword by the Regional Director,
Page 9 and 10: Finally, the third level relates to
Page 11 and 12: Report Team Youth Consultative Grou
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms and abbreviations IMR IoM
Page 15 and 16: Contents Chapter 1 Youth and human
Page 17 and 18: Contents • Non-communicable disea
Page 19 and 20: Contents 8.1 The United Nations Sec
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Youth and human developme
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.1 The changing share of yo
Page 25 and 26: The defining vision of the AHDR ser
Page 27 and 28: made more acute by the institutiona
Page 29 and 30: 1.4.1 The failure of the Arab devel
Page 31 and 32: projects, unproductive public secto
Page 33 and 34: and kept women subordinated at home
Page 35 and 36: The uprisings of 2011 prompted the
Page 37 and 38: Box 1.5 Youth: The need to belong L
Page 39 and 40: Israel by their countries. Only 21
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.4 Military spending, select
Page 43 and 44: Endnotes 1 UNDP 2013c. 2 UNDP 2014a
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Values, identities and ci
Page 47 and 48: gender equality and waning obedienc
Page 49 and 50: In most Arab countries, youth exper
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2 Self-Expression by age g
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2.3 Mobile cellular subscrip
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are scarce, whether a university ed
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Figure 2.7 Gender equality before a
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Arab region are more pious than oth
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Table 2.3 The relationship between
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Table 2.4 Indicators of formal barr
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Figure 2.11 Support for democracy b
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Even in 2013, opposition to the sep
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Figure 2.14 Social and religious to
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Endnotes 1 Inglehart and Welzel 201
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Chapter 3 Education and the transit
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Figure 3.1 Average years of schooli
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3.2 Inequality of opportunity in ed
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Box 3.1 Steffen Hertog Characterist
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Figure 3.2 Youth unemployment rate
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3.5 Policies that could help labour
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egulatory costs in starting and run
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48 IMF 2014b. 49 World Bank 2013a.
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4.1 The challenges facing young wom
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Box 4.1 Aseel Alawadhi: Cancellatio
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Box 4.2 Hibaaq Osman: Girls in conf
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Table 4.1 Population and reproducti
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Box 4.3 Islamic feminism across bor
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Box 4.4 An inclusive space: Egypt
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4.4 Removing the cultural and econo
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Endnotes 1 IRIN 2009. 2 Algeria, Ba
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Chapter 5 Health Status and Access
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on younger adolescents in the 13-15
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of fatalities (annex 2 figure A.9).
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While FGM is supported by religious
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from exposure to tobacco smoke, reg
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Figure 5.5 Healthy life expectancy,
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5.4 Health interventions to promote
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• Money: the services available t
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Endnotes 1 WHO defines health promo
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71 See http://www.search-institute.
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6.1 Youth in war-torn countries: gr
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continue long after peace treaties
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Box 6.3 The impact of war and viole
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Youth-specific health outcome indic
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injury, or a threat of injury, or a
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including war, on well-being is med
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the larger regional community of kn
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eproduce and deepen the negative ef
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Endnotes 1 Farmer 2004, p. 307. “
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90 Mehchy 2014, p. 17. 91 Al-Monito
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Chapter 7 Exclusion, mobility and m
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Figure 7.1 Arab migration by region
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than a quarter (26 percent). By com
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Figure 7.4 Share of young migrants
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of their exclusion at home. 34 The
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Box 7.3 Florence Jusot: The impact
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7.4 Some benefits of mobility Young
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Remittances are mainly spent on con
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of practice. Finally, engineering a
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28 The logic was that economic libe
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8.1 Youth in the Arab region: Chall
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Figure 8.1 Perceptions of youth on
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Figure 8.3 Number of terrorist atta
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Figure 8.5 The Arab region: Home to
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Figure 8.7a My World: The prioritie
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of the Arab Centre for Research and
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Disengagement & reintegration 17. E
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Box 8.2 Fahem mish hafez* Tahrir Ac
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likely to grow and generate jobs. T
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Investment in youth participation r
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Bibliography and references List of
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Bibliography and references Psychot
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Bibliography and references Prevent
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Bibliography and references . 2004.
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Bibliography and references Euromon
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Bibliography and references the You
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Bibliography and references . 2014.
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Bibliography and references Lewis,
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Bibliography and references . 2013b
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Bibliography and references Pritche
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Bibliography and references http://
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Bibliography and references . 2013c
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Bibliography and references . 2011c
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Bibliography and references in Arab
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Statistical Appendix
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with their life as a whole, and a s
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Indicators Data Source Age-group Ar
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Annex 1 Human development indicator
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Acronyms and abbreviations HDI GNI
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Human Development Report 2014 - Sus
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Annex 2 Additional figures and tabl
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Figure A.3 Global share of forcibly
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Figure A.7 School-to-work transitio
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Figure A.10 Prevalence of overweigh
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Figure A.13 Life expectancy at birt
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Figure A.15 Altruism towards strang
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Table A.1 Bilateral remittance esti
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Table A.5 Reasons for stopping educ
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Table A.9 Political representation
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Table A.12 Women with unmet contrac
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Table A.16 Migration to and from Ar
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Table A.18 Inward migration to Arab
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272 Notes
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274
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