Arab Human Development Report 2016

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Figure 1.5 Perceptions of youth (15–29 years), economy and security (% of those who believe it will worsen), selected Arab countries, 2012 80 70 60 50 % 40 30 20 10 0 Jordan Lebanon Mauritania Comoros Palestine Morocco Algeria Iraq Egypt Tunisia Security and safety Economic Prospects Source: Gallup 2013. Figure 1.6 Positive / negative view of Da’esh In general, do you have a positive or negative view of Da'esh? Lebanon Iraq Jordan Tunisia Saudi Arabia Kuwait Aggregate Palestine Egypt Sudan Morocco Algeria Mauritania 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Negative Positive Neutral and Don't know/refused Source: Doha institute 2015. generations of Palestinians have lived suspended in a state of frozen transition to sovereignty and self-determination and denied progress and their most basic human rights. The question of Palestine occupies a central stage in Arab public opinion. According to the Arab Opinion Index issued by the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, 84 percent of Arabs believe the Palestinian cause is not solely a Palestinian issue, but also an Arab cause, and 84 percent oppose diplomatic recognition of
Israel by their countries. Only 21 percent expressed support for peace agreements signed with Israel by Egypt, Jordan and Palestine. The Israeli occupation has had an impact on the whole region, particularly neighbouring countries that host more than five million refugees. 60 Armed conflict is destroying the social fabric of the Arab region, causing massive loss of life not only among combatants, but also and increasingly among civilians. Conflicts today are considerably less well defined, and civilians, including children, are paying the price, as many more fatalities occur away from battle zones. For every person killed directly by armed violence, between 3 and 15 others die indirectly from diseases, medical complications and malnutrition (see chapter 6). Conflicts also interfere with economic development by destroying productive economic resources, capital and labour, especially within the territory of the nations where they are fought. Conflicts divert resources primarily through high military spending, which reflects the multiple conflicts in the region, the legacy of cold war rivalries and the nervousness of political systems on the defensive. Several Arab countries are among the most militarized in the world and are characterized by huge military outlays and high proportions of the population under arms (table 1.4). However, while arms-producing countries may reap economic dividends from the arms trade, this spending represents only missed opportunities to invest in broader economic and social progress among Arab countries. The five biggest global importers of arms during 2009–2013 were India, China, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, the latter two Arab countries importing 32 percent of the global total. If faced with real military threats, Arab countries, including those with large defence budgets, almost invariably call on foreign troops for protection and pay the major share of the cost. This was the case, for example, of the second Gulf War (1990–1991). “Such dependence mocks the vast sums invested in Arab arsenals”, a recent ESCWA report dryly observes. 61 Rising military expenses curtail spending in more effective areas such as education, health care, poverty reduction or infrastructure. They are also linked to the mounting cost of maintaining armed forces, which makes these expenditures even more exorbitant. Conflict and destruction trigger massive displacement. In 2014, almost 41 percent of the world’s forcibly displaced population were represented by the Arab region, which has only 5 percent of the world’s population (annex 2 figure A.3). The share – more than 22 million people –was almost five times higher in 2014 than 14 years earlier. This increase was first driven by the aftermath of the U.S. invasion of Iraq and the civil war in Darfur around 2003 and then by the Syrian crisis in 2011. 62 Some 98 percent of forcibly displaced individuals from the region originate from the conflict-ridden countries of Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen. A sizeable share of these vulnerable groups are children. 63 Besides displacing hundreds of thousands of refugees outside their borders, some Arab countries are also heavily burdened internally by war-related displacement. One person in five in Lebanon is a refugee, and one in three in Syria is either a refugee (most from Iraq) or has been Table 1.3 Arab countries affected by political violence or conflict, 2000–2003 and 2010–2015 Iraq Palestine Somalia Sudan 2000–2003 2010–2015 Bahrain Egypt Iraq Lebanon Libya Mauritania Palestine Somalia Sudan Syria Yemen Source: The Report team.
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Page 3 and 4: Arab Human Development Report 2016
Page 5 and 6: Foreword by the Administrator, UNDP
Page 7 and 8: Foreword by the Regional Director,
Page 9 and 10: Finally, the third level relates to
Page 11 and 12: Report Team Youth Consultative Grou
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms and abbreviations IMR IoM
Page 15 and 16: Contents Chapter 1 Youth and human
Page 17 and 18: Contents • Non-communicable disea
Page 19 and 20: Contents 8.1 The United Nations Sec
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Youth and human developme
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.1 The changing share of yo
Page 25 and 26: The defining vision of the AHDR ser
Page 27 and 28: made more acute by the institutiona
Page 29 and 30: 1.4.1 The failure of the Arab devel
Page 31 and 32: projects, unproductive public secto
Page 33 and 34: and kept women subordinated at home
Page 35 and 36: The uprisings of 2011 prompted the
Page 37: Box 1.5 Youth: The need to belong L
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.4 Military spending, select
Page 43 and 44: Endnotes 1 UNDP 2013c. 2 UNDP 2014a
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Values, identities and ci
Page 47 and 48: gender equality and waning obedienc
Page 49 and 50: In most Arab countries, youth exper
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2 Self-Expression by age g
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2.3 Mobile cellular subscrip
Page 55 and 56: are scarce, whether a university ed
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.7 Gender equality before a
Page 59 and 60: Arab region are more pious than oth
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.3 The relationship between
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.4 Indicators of formal barr
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2.11 Support for democracy b
Page 67 and 68: Even in 2013, opposition to the sep
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2.14 Social and religious to
Page 71 and 72: Endnotes 1 Inglehart and Welzel 201
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 Education and the transit
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.1 Average years of schooli
Page 77 and 78: 3.2 Inequality of opportunity in ed
Page 79 and 80: Box 3.1 Steffen Hertog Characterist
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.2 Youth unemployment rate
Page 83 and 84: 3.5 Policies that could help labour
Page 85 and 86: egulatory costs in starting and run
Page 87: 48 IMF 2014b. 49 World Bank 2013a.
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4.1 The challenges facing young wom
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Box 4.1 Aseel Alawadhi: Cancellatio
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Box 4.2 Hibaaq Osman: Girls in conf
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Table 4.1 Population and reproducti
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Box 4.3 Islamic feminism across bor
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Box 4.4 An inclusive space: Egypt
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4.4 Removing the cultural and econo
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Endnotes 1 IRIN 2009. 2 Algeria, Ba
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Chapter 5 Health Status and Access
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on younger adolescents in the 13-15
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of fatalities (annex 2 figure A.9).
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While FGM is supported by religious
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from exposure to tobacco smoke, reg
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Figure 5.5 Healthy life expectancy,
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5.4 Health interventions to promote
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• Money: the services available t
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Endnotes 1 WHO defines health promo
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71 See http://www.search-institute.
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6.1 Youth in war-torn countries: gr
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continue long after peace treaties
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Box 6.3 The impact of war and viole
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Youth-specific health outcome indic
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injury, or a threat of injury, or a
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including war, on well-being is med
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the larger regional community of kn
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eproduce and deepen the negative ef
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Endnotes 1 Farmer 2004, p. 307. “
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90 Mehchy 2014, p. 17. 91 Al-Monito
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Chapter 7 Exclusion, mobility and m
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Figure 7.1 Arab migration by region
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than a quarter (26 percent). By com
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Figure 7.4 Share of young migrants
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of their exclusion at home. 34 The
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Box 7.3 Florence Jusot: The impact
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7.4 Some benefits of mobility Young
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Remittances are mainly spent on con
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of practice. Finally, engineering a
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28 The logic was that economic libe
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8.1 Youth in the Arab region: Chall
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Figure 8.1 Perceptions of youth on
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Figure 8.3 Number of terrorist atta
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Figure 8.5 The Arab region: Home to
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Figure 8.7a My World: The prioritie
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of the Arab Centre for Research and
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Disengagement & reintegration 17. E
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Box 8.2 Fahem mish hafez* Tahrir Ac
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likely to grow and generate jobs. T
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Investment in youth participation r
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Bibliography and references List of
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Bibliography and references Psychot
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Bibliography and references Prevent
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Bibliography and references . 2004.
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Bibliography and references Euromon
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Bibliography and references the You
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Bibliography and references . 2014.
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Bibliography and references Lewis,
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Bibliography and references . 2013b
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Bibliography and references Pritche
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Bibliography and references http://
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Bibliography and references . 2013c
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Bibliography and references . 2011c
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Bibliography and references in Arab
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Statistical Appendix
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with their life as a whole, and a s
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Indicators Data Source Age-group Ar
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Annex 1 Human development indicator
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Acronyms and abbreviations HDI GNI
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Human Development Report 2014 - Sus
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Annex 2 Additional figures and tabl
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Figure A.3 Global share of forcibly
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Figure A.7 School-to-work transitio
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Figure A.10 Prevalence of overweigh
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Figure A.13 Life expectancy at birt
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Figure A.15 Altruism towards strang
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Table A.1 Bilateral remittance esti
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Table A.5 Reasons for stopping educ
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Table A.9 Political representation
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Table A.12 Women with unmet contrac
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Table A.16 Migration to and from Ar
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Table A.18 Inward migration to Arab
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272 Notes
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274
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Arab Human Development Report 2016

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