The Expansion of tolerance

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Frans Post, Naval battle, published in Barlaeus’s Rerum per octennium in Brasilia (Amsterdam 1647). The engraving depicts a naval battle before the coast of Brazil between Dutch vessels and an Iberian fleet in 1640. The Armada constituted the last combined Luso-Spanish attempt to defeat the Dutch in Brazil before the Portuguese regained independence from Spain. Their attempt to defeat the Dutch was unsuccessful. 53
Frans Post, Engraving of Dutch ships before the city of Sao Paolo in Luanda on the African coast, published in Barlaeus’s Rerum per octennium in Brasilia (Amsterdam 1647). The Dutch muscled their way into the slave trade in Luanda in 1641 at the expense of the Portuguese, but could only maintain their favourable position until 1648. great spectacle in Recife with horse races and equestrian competitions in which Portuguese and Dutch gentlemen paraded together and competed for the cheers and favors of the ladies as well as for various prizes. There were theatrical performances, dinners, toasts, and drinking bouts to mark the new political alliance. 32 While rivalry and competition between Portuguese and Dutch or Catholic and Protestant participants in these events lay just below the surface, politics overcame, at least momentarily, old animosities. The era of goodwill did not last long. Dutch refusal to abandon the Brazilian colony, the Dutch attack on Luanda in 1641, the withdrawal of Johan Maurits and new demands on the West India Company’s debtors, all contributed to increasing hostility between the Portuguese and the Dutch which grew from primarily political and economic considerations. Johan Maurits, however, remained an example of what was possible to achieve by toleration, and because of that, he was a danger. A multi-confessional society was a threat. Doña Margarida, the Vicereine of Portugal, warned in 1639 that the faith of the settlers and converted Indians of Brazil was imperilled by 54
Page 1 and 2:
JONATHAN ISRAEL STUART B. SCHWARTZ
Page 4 and 5: The Expansion of Tolerance Religion
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents 6 Introduction Mi
Page 8 and 9: century progressed, came to be rega
Page 10 and 11: gaining true momentum. More than 20
Page 12 and 13: Stuart B. Schwartz, in his contribu
Page 14 and 15: Jonathan Israel Religious Toleratio
Page 16 and 17: Theodore Matham, Engraved portrait
Page 18 and 19: The governing body of the WIC, the
Page 20 and 21: Frans Post, View of Olinda (1662).
Page 22 and 23: Catholics in the Dutch zone with th
Page 24 and 25: Joan Blaeu, Wall map of Dutch Brazi
Page 26 and 27: National Archives, The Hague, Arch.
Page 28 and 29: debts - which tended to have the un
Page 30 and 31: This same tendency to claw back wha
Page 32 and 33: deep into the eighteenth century -
Page 35 and 36: Frans Post, Battle at Porto Calvo (
Page 37 and 38: some extent a period of political a
Page 39 and 40: Ages when Christians, Jews, and Mus
Page 41 and 42: This sentiment was voiced repeatedl
Page 43 and 44: These ideas circulated widely. They
Page 45 and 46: attend these public ceremonies beca
Page 47 and 48: Portuguese Responses to Religious T
Page 49 and 50: Theodore de Bry, America V (1595) i
Page 51 and 52: the extension of religious liberty
Page 53: Portuguese’, a paraphrase of the
Page 57 and 58: Native American allies of the Dutch
Page 59 and 60: 16 Francisco Bethencourt, História
Page 61: Amsterdam Studies in the Dutch Gold
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The Expansion of tolerance

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