Transnational Crime and the Developing World

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“History of the War: 1986 to Now.” Invisible Children. Accessed January 9, 2017. http://invisiblechildren. com/challenge/history/. Hollington, Kris. “After Drugs and Guns, Art Theft Is the Biggest Criminal Enterprise in the World.” Newsweek, July 22, 2014. http://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/18/after-drugs-and-guns-art-theft-biggestcriminal-enterprise-world-260386.html. “How Much Are My Organs Worth?” Visually, January 24, 2012. http://visual.ly/how-much-are-my-organs-worth. Howard, Brian Clark. “Drug Trafficking Poses Surprising Threats to Rain Forests, Scientists Find.” National Geographic News, January 30, 2014. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ news/2014/01/140130-drug-trafficking-deforestation-central-america-environment-policy-reform/. Howell O’Neill, Patrick. “Enter the Armory, the Dark Web’s Walmart of Weaponry.” The Daily Dot, April 4, 2014. http://www.dailydot.com/crime/armory-deep-web-weapons/. Hubbard, Ben. “ISIS-Imposed Fuel Embargo Threatens Syria’s Medical Centers.” The New York Times, June 18, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/world/middleeast/isis-imposed-fuel-embargothreatens-syrias-medical-centers.html. Hullinger, Jessica. “Do People Really Buy Guns On The Dark Web?” Fast Company, January 7, 2016. https://www.fastcompany.com/3055187/do-people-really-buy-guns-on-the-dark-web. Human Rights Watch. “Central African Republic.” In World Report 2016, 163–68. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2016. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/world_report_download/wr2016_web.pdf. Hummel, Peter. “Kidneys on Special Offer.” DW.com, July 31, 2012. http://www.dw.com/en/kidneys-onspecial-offer/a-16134667. Humphreys, Keith. “How Powerful Synthetic Drugs Will Upend Drug Markets Globally.” Washington Post, December 2, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/12/02/how-powerful-synthetic-drugs-will-upend-drug-markets-globally/. “Hunting Pirate Fishermen on the High Seas.” Al Jazeera, 2015. http://aljazeera.com/piratefishing. “Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.” Euromonitor International, November 2016. http://www.euromonitor. com/illicit-trade-in-tobacco-products/report. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. “Giant Leak of Offshore Financial Records Exposes Global Array of Crime and Corruption.” The Panama Papers, April 3, 2016. https://panamapapers.icij. org/20160403-panama-papers-global-overview.html. International Labor Organization. Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour. Geneva: International Labor Organization, 2014. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/ documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf. International Maritime Bureau. “Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January - 30 June 2016.” London: International Chamber of Commerce, International Maritime Bureau, July 2016. http://icc.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2016-Q2-IMB-Piracy-Report-Abridged.pdf. International Organization for Migration. Trafficking of Fishermen in Thailand. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2011. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/traffickingoffishermenthailand.pdf. Global Financial Integrity 128
“International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/ y1224e/y1224e00.HTM. INTERPOL. Against Organized Crime: INTERPOL Trafficking and Counterfeiting Casebook 2014. Lyon: INTERPOL, 2014. http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Trafficking-in-illicit-goods-and-counterfeiting/ Trafficking-in-illicit-goods-and-counterfeiting. ———. “Study on Fisheries Crime in the West African Coastal Region.” Lyon: INTERPOL, September 2014. Irish, John. “Customs Group to Fight $200 Bln Bogus Drug Industry.” Reuters, June 10, 2010. http:// www.reuters.com/article/us-customs-drugs-idUSTRE65961U20100610. Isiguzo, Jude. “‘I Stack AK 47 Guns inside Yam Flour and Smuggle to Nigeria.’” The Nation Nigeria, April 1, 2014. http://thenationonlineng.net/stack-ak-47-guns-inside-yam-flour-smuggle-nigeria/. “Islamic State Loses Control of Last Oil Wells in Iraq: Oil Ministry.” Reuters, September 28, 2016. http:// www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-oil-idUSKCN11Y1UA. Jenzen-Jones, N.R., and Graeme Rice. “The Online Trade in Light Weapons in Libya.” Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2016. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/R-SANA/SANA-Dispatch6-Online-trade.pdf. Jha, Preeti. “Cambodia-Thai Kidney Trafficking Sparks Fears of New Organ Market.” The Nation. October 27, 2014, sec. National. http://search.proquest.com.proxyau.wrlc.org/docview/1616660078/abstract/B3E4FF9CA96C4BF2PQ/97. Jha, Vivekanand. “Reforms in Organ Donation in China: Still to Be Executed?” Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 4, no. 2 (2015): 138–40. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.03.02. Johnson, Christopher. “Combating Human Trafficking.” Homeland Security Investigations, 2015. http:// wcaml.llobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Combatting-Human-Trafficking.pdf. Kantchev, Georgi, Joe Parkinson, David Gauthier-Villars, and Inti Landauro. “Slovakian Shop Is Eyed as Source of Guns in Prior Terror Attacks.” Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2015. http://www.wsj.com/ articles/slovakia-shop-believed-to-be-source-of-guns-in-two-french-terror-attacks-1448629216. Kara, Siddharth. “Supply and Demand: Human Trafficking in the Global Economy.” Harvard International Review 33, no. 2 (2011): 66–71. Karp, Aaron, Nicholas Marsh, and Giorgio Ravagli. UNODC Study on Firearms 2015. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015. https://www.unodc.org/documents/firearms-protocol/UNO- DC_Study_on_Firearms_WEB.pdf. Katsouris, Christina, and Aaron Sayne. Nigeria’s Criminal Crude: International Options to Combat the Export of Stolen Oil. London: Chatham House, 2013. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Africa/0913pr_nigeriaoil.pdf. Keller, Andrew. “Documenting ISIL’s Antiquities Trafficking: The Looting and Destruction of Iraqi and Syrian Cultural Heritage; What We Know and What Can Be Done.” Remarks, New York, NY, September 29, 2015. http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/rm/2015/247610.htm. “Keystone Species.” National Geographic Society, January 21, 2011. http://nationalgeographic.org/en- Transnational Crime and the Developing World 129
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Transnational Crime and the Develop
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Transnational Crime and the Develop
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Global Financial Integrity is pleas
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Contents Glossary..................
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Appendix Table E. Estimated Value o
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Glossary ACT AML ATS Avg. BACRIM BP
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Executive Summary Overview Transnat
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Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulate
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I. Introduction The aim of this rep
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II. Drug Trafficking A. Overview Th
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done throughout the year, increasin
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market is primarily supplied domest
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legitimate work. Money laundering i
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easily accessible, with some being
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III. Trafficking of Small Arms and
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Table E. Price vs. Distance: The We
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on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) show tha
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eactivated handgun that had been so
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IV. Human Trafficking A. Overview H
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Human trafficking and human smuggli
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up deposits) to avoid currency repo
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and it has used some others as suic
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V. Illegal Organ Trade A. Overview
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developed countries is US$20,000, w
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E. Recent Developments The consider
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VI. The Illicit Trade in Cultural P
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or illicit transactions can get bur
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trafficking transactions, providing
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Paying ransom demands, as well as t
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VII. Counterfeit and Pirated Goods
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and pirated goods come from China.
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Box 2. Pharmaceutical Crime Counter
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Figure IV. Terrorist Financing and
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F. Summary With an estimated US$923
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VIII. Illegal Wildlife Trade A. Ove
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Table R. Poacher vs. Consumer Price
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Community-based ecotourism is a pow
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was traditionally seen as a conserv
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IX. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregu
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IUU fishing particularly flourishes
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Figure V. Trade Misinvoicing to Lau
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E. Recent Developments The fishing
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X. Illegal Logging A. Overview Ille
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C. Dynamics Illegal logging, like o
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illion in revenues and taxes annual
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XI. Illegal Mining A. Overview Mine
Page 93 and 94: C. Dynamics The discussion of confl
Page 95 and 96: damages that can affect generations
Page 97 and 98: Figure VIII. Illegal Mining, Trade
Page 99 and 100: XII. Crude Oil Theft A. Overview Cr
Page 101 and 102: estimate places the daily loss of c
Page 103 and 104: Figure IX. Pipelines and Drug Traff
Page 105 and 106: Small-scale oil theft and refining
Page 107 and 108: F. Summary The theft of crude oil r
Page 109 and 110: XIII. Policy Recommendations Overvi
Page 111 and 112: on the lack of oversight secrecy ju
Page 113 and 114: at the top levels, and authorized c
Page 115 and 116: XIV. Conclusion Transnational crime
Page 117 and 118: Appendix: Methodology This appendix
Page 119 and 120: 2. The Average Cost of an AK-47 The
Page 121 and 122: Japan 502 $80,000 Low $14,000 High
Page 123 and 124: 519 Appendix Table I. Price Range o
Page 125 and 126: D. Trafficking in Cultural Property
Page 127 and 128: E. The Illegal Wildlife Trade This
Page 129 and 130: Appendix Table P. Source vs. Market
Page 131 and 132: Appendix Table R. Estimated Illegal
Page 133 and 134: Bibliography “7 Nabbed for Intern
Page 135 and 136: Cat Skin Trade. London: Environment
Page 137 and 138: Chugh, Nishtha. “Need a Kidney? I
Page 139 and 140: Dunlevy, Sue. “Australians Turn t
Page 141 and 142: Federation. Accessed September 12,
Page 143: Gupta, Sanjay. “Unintended Conseq
Page 147 and 148: Lerner, Maura. “U.S. Man Defies D
Page 149 and 150: the Wildlife TRAPS Project. Cambrid
Page 151 and 152: ence 13, no. 3 (September 2014): 31
Page 153 and 154: Schmidle, Nicholas. “Disarming Vi
Page 155 and 156: Strobel, Warren, Jonathan Landay, a
Page 157 and 158: Quartz, August 12, 2016. http://qz.
Page 159 and 160: “Update on Rhino Poaching Statist
Page 161 and 162: Intelligence, September 6, 2013. ht
Page 163 and 164: About Global Financial Integrity Fo
Page 166: 1100 17th St, NW, Suite 505 | Washi
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