Transnational Crime and the Developing World

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Martini, Maíra. Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing and Corruption. U4 Expert Answer. Bergen, Norway: U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Center, 2013. http://www.u4.no/publications/illegal-unreportedand-unregulated-fishing-and-corruption/. Mashberg, Tom. “Isabella Stewart Gardner Heist: 25 Years of Theories.” The New York Times, February 26, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/arts/design/isabella-stewart-gardner-heist-25-yearsof-theories.html. May, Channing. “Good as Gold? South Africa’s Problem with Illegal Gold Mining Is Severe and Growing.” Global Financial Integrity, November 20, 2014. http://www.gfintegrity.org/good-gold-south-africasproblem-illegal-gold-mining-severe-growing/. McCartney, Robert J. “Ancient Art Stolen In Mexico.” The Washington Post, December 27, 1985. https:// www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/12/27/ancient-art-stolen-in-mexico/608bdf81-11e3- 442b-8978-70e72254fc97/?utm_term=.c7eee23db5d2. McGrath, Matt. “Drug Trafficking Is Speeding Deforestation in Central America.” BBC News, January 30, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25960481. McKenna, Josephine. “Migrants Who Cannot Pay Are Being Sold for Organs, Smuggler Tells Italian Authorities.” The Telegraph, July 4, 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/04/migrants-whocannot-pay-are-being-sold-for-organs-smuggler-tells/. ———. “Van Gogh Masterpieces Stolen from Amsterdam in Daring Heist 14 Years Ago Turn up in Italian Mafia’s Country Mansion.” The Telegraph, September 30, 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/2016/09/30/van-gogh-paintings-discovered-in-italy-14-years-after-they-were/. Mendoza, Roger Lee. “Colombia’s Organ Trade: Evidence from Bogotá and Medellín.” Journal of Public Health 18, no. 4 (2010): 375–84. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxyau.wrlc.org/10.1007/s10389-010-0320-3. “Mercury and Health.” World Health Organization, January 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/. “Mexico: An Oil Nation in Crisis.” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, October 22, 2009. http://www.coha. org/mexico-an-oil-nation-in-crisis/. “Mexico Drug War Fast Facts.” CNN, December 19, 2016. http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/02/world/americas/mexico-drug-war-fast-facts/index.html. “Mexico Plans Fresh Budget Cuts in 2017 as Oil Slump Bites.” Reuters, April 1, 2016. http://www.reuters.com/article/mexico-budget-idUSL2N17502A. “Mexico’s Pemex Sues 9 U.S. Companies in Oil Thefts.” Associated Press, June 2, 2011. http://www. foxnews.com/us/2011/06/02/mexicos-pemex-sues-us-companies-in-oil-thefts.html. Miesen, Floreana. “Blood Diamonds Fuelled Sierra Leone’s Civil War.” D+C | Development and Cooperation, May 21, 2012. https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/blood-diamonds-fuelled-sierra-leones-civil-war. Miller, Jackson, Varun Vira, and Mary Utermohlen. Species of Crime: Typologies & Risk Metrics for Wildlife Trafficking. Washington, DC: C4ADS, 2015. http://static1.squarespace. com/static/566ef8b4d8af107232d5358a/t/56af8242cf80a1474b572b85/1454342724100/ Species+of+Crime.pdf. Milliken, Tom. Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment to Improve Law Enforcement Under Global Financial Integrity 132
the Wildlife TRAPS Project. Cambridge, UK: USAID; TRAFFIC, 2014. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/W-TRAPS-Elephant-Rhino-report.pdf. “Minister Edna Molewa Highlights Progress in the Fight against Rhino Poaching.” Department of Environmental Affairs, South Africa, January 21, 2016. https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/ molewa_highlightsprogress_againstrhinopoaching. “Minister Edna Molewa Highlights Progress in the War against Poaching and Plans for 2015.” Department of Environmental Affairs, South Africa, January 22, 2015. https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015. Mohamed, Hamza. “Illicit Gun Trade Barrels Ahead in Mogadishu.” Al Jazeera, February 12, 2013. http:// www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/20132111214770878.html. Morrison, Sarah. “Time to Hunt down the ‘Kingpins’ of Wildlife Crime.” The Independent. February 6, 2014. http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/time-to-hunt-down-the-kingpins-of-wildlifecrime-9113150.html. Mount, Bonnie Jo. “Amazon Residents Resort to Militias to Keep out Illegal Loggers.” Washington Post, October 6, 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/world/2015/10/06/loggers/. Moxley, Mitch. “For Chinese, Kidney Donation Is a Click Away.” Al Jazeera, May 12, 2011. http://www. aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/05/201151110112848287.html. “Munich Shootings: What We Know about the Olympia Shopping Centre Attack.” BBC News, July 24, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36879067. Murphy, Tim. “The Biggest Unsolved Art Heist—and the Detective Who Came Close to Cracking It.” Mental Floss, March 17, 2015. http://mentalfloss.com/us/go/53527. Myers, Steven Lee, and Nicholas Kulish. “‘Broken System’ Allows ISIS to Profit From Looted Antiquities.” The New York Times, January 9, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/world/europe/iraqsyria-antiquities-islamic-state.html. Nadeau, Barbie Latza. “Italy’s Gruesome Migrant Organ Transplant Murders.” The Daily Beast, July 6, 2016. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/06/italy-s-gruesome-migrant-organ-transplantmurders.html. Nellemann, Christian, Rune Henriksen, Arnold Kreilhuber, Davyth Stewart, Maria Kotsovou, Patricia Raxter, Elizabeth Mrema, and Sam Barrat. The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security. A UNEP-INTERPOL Rapid Response Assessment. Oslo: United Nations Environment Programme; RHIPTO Rapid Response-Norwegian Center for Global Analyses, 2016. http://unep.org/documents/itw/environmental_crimes.pdf. Nellemann, Christian, Rune Henriksen, Patricia Raxter, Neville Ash, and Elizabeth Mrema, eds. The Environmental Crime Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment. Oslo: United Nations Environment Programme, 2014. http://www.unep.org/unea/docs/RRAcrimecrisis.pdf. Nellemann, Christian, and INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme, eds. Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laundering in the World’s Tropical Forests. A Rapid Response Assessment. Arendal, Norway: United Nations Environment Programme; GRID-Arendal, 2012. http://www. unep.org/pdf/RRAlogging_english_scr.pdf. NetNames. The Risks of the Online Counterfeit Economy. London: NetNames, 2016. https://www.net- Transnational Crime and the Developing World 133
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Transnational Crime and the Develop
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Transnational Crime and the Develop
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Global Financial Integrity is pleas
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Contents Glossary..................
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Appendix Table E. Estimated Value o
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Glossary ACT AML ATS Avg. BACRIM BP
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Executive Summary Overview Transnat
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Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulate
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I. Introduction The aim of this rep
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II. Drug Trafficking A. Overview Th
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done throughout the year, increasin
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market is primarily supplied domest
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legitimate work. Money laundering i
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easily accessible, with some being
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III. Trafficking of Small Arms and
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Table E. Price vs. Distance: The We
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on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) show tha
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eactivated handgun that had been so
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IV. Human Trafficking A. Overview H
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Human trafficking and human smuggli
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up deposits) to avoid currency repo
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and it has used some others as suic
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V. Illegal Organ Trade A. Overview
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developed countries is US$20,000, w
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E. Recent Developments The consider
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VI. The Illicit Trade in Cultural P
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or illicit transactions can get bur
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trafficking transactions, providing
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Paying ransom demands, as well as t
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VII. Counterfeit and Pirated Goods
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and pirated goods come from China.
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Box 2. Pharmaceutical Crime Counter
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Figure IV. Terrorist Financing and
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F. Summary With an estimated US$923
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VIII. Illegal Wildlife Trade A. Ove
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Table R. Poacher vs. Consumer Price
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Community-based ecotourism is a pow
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was traditionally seen as a conserv
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IX. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregu
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IUU fishing particularly flourishes
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Figure V. Trade Misinvoicing to Lau
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E. Recent Developments The fishing
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X. Illegal Logging A. Overview Ille
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C. Dynamics Illegal logging, like o
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illion in revenues and taxes annual
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XI. Illegal Mining A. Overview Mine
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C. Dynamics The discussion of confl
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damages that can affect generations
Page 97 and 98: Figure VIII. Illegal Mining, Trade
Page 99 and 100: XII. Crude Oil Theft A. Overview Cr
Page 101 and 102: estimate places the daily loss of c
Page 103 and 104: Figure IX. Pipelines and Drug Traff
Page 105 and 106: Small-scale oil theft and refining
Page 107 and 108: F. Summary The theft of crude oil r
Page 109 and 110: XIII. Policy Recommendations Overvi
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Page 113 and 114: at the top levels, and authorized c
Page 115 and 116: XIV. Conclusion Transnational crime
Page 117 and 118: Appendix: Methodology This appendix
Page 119 and 120: 2. The Average Cost of an AK-47 The
Page 121 and 122: Japan 502 $80,000 Low $14,000 High
Page 123 and 124: 519 Appendix Table I. Price Range o
Page 125 and 126: D. Trafficking in Cultural Property
Page 127 and 128: E. The Illegal Wildlife Trade This
Page 129 and 130: Appendix Table P. Source vs. Market
Page 131 and 132: Appendix Table R. Estimated Illegal
Page 133 and 134: Bibliography “7 Nabbed for Intern
Page 135 and 136: Cat Skin Trade. London: Environment
Page 137 and 138: Chugh, Nishtha. “Need a Kidney? I
Page 139 and 140: Dunlevy, Sue. “Australians Turn t
Page 141 and 142: Federation. Accessed September 12,
Page 143 and 144: Gupta, Sanjay. “Unintended Conseq
Page 145 and 146: “International Plan of Action to
Page 147: Lerner, Maura. “U.S. Man Defies D
Page 151 and 152: ence 13, no. 3 (September 2014): 31
Page 153 and 154: Schmidle, Nicholas. “Disarming Vi
Page 155 and 156: Strobel, Warren, Jonathan Landay, a
Page 157 and 158: Quartz, August 12, 2016. http://qz.
Page 159 and 160: “Update on Rhino Poaching Statist
Page 161 and 162: Intelligence, September 6, 2013. ht
Page 163 and 164: About Global Financial Integrity Fo
Page 166: 1100 17th St, NW, Suite 505 | Washi
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