Factors Affecting Trade Patterns of - United States International ...

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several multinational companies to invest in shea processing in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Infrastructure Improvements Contributed to Increased Exports Some SSA governments, as well as international lenders such as the World Bank, improved infrastructure or production facilities to assist domestic industries. Infrastructure and transportation services improvements were especially beneficial to exports of shea butter, certain tropical fruit, aviation services, and communication services. Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Cameroon export the majority of their fresh pineapples and bananas to the EU, so proper cold storage facilities and appropriate tracking and handling equipment are key components for the industry. Also, expansion and upgrades of the fruit wharf at the port of Abidjan were key in Côte d’Ivoire’s increasing banana sector exports. Several landlocked countries in West Africa require adequate road and rail networks to transport goods primarily to Senegal and Ghana for export by freight or air. Improved roads in Ghana and railroads and air transport in Senegal facilitated increased SSA exports of shea butter. Improved airport facilities and more direct routes contributed to increased aviation services exports. SSA Regional Integration Facilitated Exports Strengthened ties among members of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the formation of the East African Customs Union (EAC) also improved efficiencies and increased regional trade. The establishment of the EAC between Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania in 2005 likely contributed to the increased level of footwear trade, particularly between Kenya and Uganda, in 2005 and 2006 by liberalizing tariffs on intra-EAC trade while establishing a common external tariff. Tariff Preferences Boosted SSA Exports Tariff preferences provided a boost to SSA exports of footwear and textiles. For example, the Cotonou Agreement, which requires the use of regional fabric in apparel receiving duty-free treatment to the EU, and South Africa’s elimination of tariffs from Southern African Development Community (SADC) partner members both contributed to increased intra-SSA textile exports during 2002−06. For footwear, the elimination of tariffs under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) contributed to increased exports of footwear from South Africa to the United States during 2002−06. Sector and Market Liberalizations Increased SSA Exports Liberalizations in the coffee, communication services, and aviation services sectors in several SSA countries helped to facilitate greater exports. Reduced government intervention in the coffee sectors of several SSA countries allowed producer prices to be linked to higher prices. The introduction of competition and xiv
new licensing policies in several SSA countries’ communication services sectors reduced the cost and increased the volume of international calls. Among the largest and most successful SSA aviation services industries (Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Africa), the use of code sharing and other cooperative agreements such as frequent flyer and open skies agreements between airlines and nations have been vital to their sustained export growth. Changes in EU market regulations permitting some shea butter in products labeled “chocolate” increased demand for shea butter in the EU. Some Sectors’ Exports Decreased Not all of the 11 selected industries experienced export growth. Indeed, the value of global SSA exports declined for spices, wood furniture, and pineapples. The overall decrease in SSA spice exports during 2002−06 was due primarily to decreased prices associated with overproduction of vanilla in Madagascar. 2 Increased competition in key markets was the principal factor contributing to the decreased value of SSA wood furniture exports, as well as the main reason for decreased pineapple export values. Exports of SSA wood furniture faced intense competition with exports from China in key EU markets and the United States, while SSA pineapple exports lost EU market share to Costa Rican exports. Other factors contributing to the decrease of SSA wood furniture exports were the relative strength of the South African rand against the euro and the U.S. dollar, reduced resource supply, and increased local demand, particularly in South Africa. Unstable political conditions and a deteriorating economic environment contributed to decreased export volumes of pineapples and coffee from Côte d’Ivoire and pepper from Zimbabwe. Côte d’Ivoire’s political crisis curtailed most financial lending for small pineapple farmers, reducing production. Zimbabwe, SSA’s leading pepper exporter in 2002, experienced a sharp decline during 2003−06, following its land reform program that began in June 2002. 2 Following a cyclone-induced shortage of natural vanilla in 2000, the resulting global price spike compelled consumers to switch to artificial substitutes, thereby depressing demand for natural vanilla and decreasing the value of SSA exports, primarily from Madagascar and Comoros. Subsequently, recovery of supplies from the SSA area hit by the cyclone caused a vanilla glut and further decreased world prices and export values. xv
Page 2 and 3: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 4 and 5: This report was prepared principall
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 2 Agri
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 3 Mini
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 4 Servic
Page 15: CONTENTS-Continued Figures—Contin
Page 20 and 21: Table ES.1 Sub-Saharan Africa: Summ
Page 22 and 23: xviii Table ES.2 Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Overview
Page 27 and 28: Approach The approach employed by t
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa mercha
Page 31: divided between transportation serv
Page 34 and 35: Coffee Summary of Findings The valu
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa coffee
Page 38 and 39: Kenya Coffee is a major export for
Page 40 and 41: 95 percent of Tanzania’s coffee i
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2.2 Leading markets for glob
Page 44 and 45: improvement in quality over the pas
Page 46 and 47: usiness and conducts central coffee
Page 48 and 49: Coffee Bibliography Akiyama, Takama
Page 50 and 51: Wasserman, Miriam. “Trouble in Co
Page 52 and 53: Box 2.2 Shea butter production, pro
Page 54 and 55: Shea butter competes with a number
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa shea n
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.6 SSA shea exports for sel
Page 60 and 61: Leading Export Markets The leading
Page 62 and 63: include specific iodine values, mel
Page 64 and 65: utter. Blue Mont Trading LTD instal
Page 66 and 67: ——. “The Shea Butter Value Ch
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Table 2.4 Sub-Saharan Africa export
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Box 2.4 Product description for spi
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Vanilla In 2006, the leading world
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Figure 2.10 SSA vanilla and clove e
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Spices Bibliography Angrisani, Caro
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Tropical Fruit 155 Summary of Findi
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chains, as well as more dependable
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Pacific (ACP) regions to reduce the
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terms of value was much more signif
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Figure 2.13 Leading markets for glo
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Box 2.7 EU tariff preferences for b
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a corresponding contraction in mark
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product, the largest suppliers to t
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has a controlling interest, was the
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(2,471 acres) at the Paradise pinea
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port, and provides market informati
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Tropical Fruit Bibliography Adongo,
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Heller, Lorraine, “Chiquita Raise
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Footwear Summary of Findings Althou
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Box 3.1 Product description for foo
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Leading Exporters China dominates e
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SSA footwear exports reached $42.5
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companies. Footwear and apparel exp
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factories and to train employees to
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Box 3.3 TSONGA USA LLC: An example
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Van der Loop, Theo. Clothing and Fo
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Table 3.2 Sub-Saharan Africa natura
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Profiles of Leading SSA NR Producer
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Nigeria; however Michelin ceased op
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Proposals to Promote the Industry a
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Figure 3.4 Leading markets for glob
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Natural Rubber Bibliography AFP.
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Processed Diamonds Summary of Findi
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Box 3.6 Precious-metal jewelry An e
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Box 3.7 The Kimberley Process Certi
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The opening and success of the plan
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Box 3.8 Petra Diamonds’ for SSA b
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MBendi, “Africa: Mining-Diamond M
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Table 3.5 Sub-Saharan Africa textil
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High demand for apparel inputs such
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For example, Lesotho’s export gro
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increased European demand for appar
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Tanzania In 2004, A to Z Textile Mi
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Textiles Bibliography Brenton, Paul
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Wood Furniture Summary of Findings
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European Commission for the Promoti
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Figure 3.8 Leading global and sub-S
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producers to pursue increasingly di
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Box 3.11 Shift in sourcing of wood
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$805,000. 241 Consequently, the com
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A smaller exporter, Semak Ghana Ltd
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egulations are often part of a fore
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South Africa A focus in the 1994 Fo
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Wood Furniture Bibliography African
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International Log & Sawnwood Prices
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Wood Southern Africa & Timber Times
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Africa, 3 Kenya, and Ethiopia were
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Table 4.2 Leading sub-Saharan Afric
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Figure 4.1 Leading global a and sub
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sharing agreements, 19 capital inve
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Infrastructure Development Investme
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Ethiopia Aviation services exports
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South Africa is serviced by three i
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Aviation Services Bibliography Afri
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Otieno, Tobias. “Aircraft and Air
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Industry Overview The voice telecom
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Commensurate with the relatively la
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Factors Affecting Export Patterns D
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Table 4.4 Competition and state own
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the region. 114 National fiberoptic
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agricultural productivity and farm
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Nigeria Nigeria became the largest
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low penetration rates and liberaliz
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International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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A-4
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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 137
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APPENDIX C HEARING LIST OF PARTICPA
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APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF VIEWS OF INTE
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He indicated that COMESA has develo
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textile, apparel, and related indus
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Table E.1 Harmonized tariff schedul
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F‐3 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by H
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F‐11 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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