Factors Affecting Trade Patterns of - United States International ...

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Table 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa coffee exports, by selected exporting countries and key markets, 2002−06−−Continued Exports Change, 2002 to 2006 Country Key markets 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Absolute Percentage EU 1,000 dollars Metric tons 32,291 45,182 37,419 42,489 44,159 48,441 46,146 39,764 54,008 38,348 21,717 -6,834 67 -15 Algeria 1,000 dollars Metric tons 573 834 2,879 3,040 3,729 4,279 2,348 2,035 6,330 4,333 5,757 3,499 1,005 420 Cameroon United States 1,000 dollars Metric tons 1,127 1,046 264 244 818 995 2,410 1,095 945 727 -182 -319 -16 -30 All other 1,000 dollars Metric tons 739 838 805 828 1,223 1,198 1,474 924 2,215 1,171 1,476 333 200 40 Total 1,000 dollars Metric tons 34,778 47,900 41,413 46,601 49,983 54,913 52,421 43,817 63,541 44,579 28,763 -3,321 83 -7 EU 1,000 dollars Metric tons 16,568 12,878 13,915 10,872 26,252 16,754 36,459 17,403 45,038 19,805 28,470 6,927 172 54 United 1,000 dollars 1,883 1,699 4,544 5,147 6,581 4,698 250 States Metric tons 2,274 2,162 3,213 3,092 2,648 374 16 Rwanda Russia 1,000 dollars Metric tons 0 0 0 0 5 8 1,457 627 1,515 581 1,515 581 na na All other 1,000 dollars Metric tons 896 779 92 97 894 1,021 1,241 542 491 301 -405 -478 -45 -61 Total 1,000 dollars Metric tons 19,362 15,931 15,719 13,132 31,715 20,996 44,326 21,663 53,647 23,335 34,285 7,404 177 46 All other Total 1,000 dollars Metric tons 66,975 67,789 99,160 92,838 86,222 77,235 140,624 85,190 136,870 85,355 69,895 17,566 104 26 Sub-Saharan Africa Total Metric tons Metric tons 607,824 618,132 734,328 656,615 790,370 645,679 1,055,086 616,459 1,103,333 556,849 495,509 -61,283 82 -10 Source: GTIS, Global Trade Atlas, annual data compiled from reporting countries’ official statistics, including EU external trade. Note: na = not applicable. Industry Overview Several SSA countries rely on coffee for the vast majority of foreign exchange (box 2.1). These countries include leading exporters Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Côte d’Ivoire, and Tanzania. Because they are small producers relative to Brazil, Colombia, and Vietnam, which collectively account for over 60 percent of world production, SSA countries have little control over world commodity-grade coffee prices. This volatility is often the result of weather variations in Brazil, the world’s largest coffee producer. Additionally, the rise of Vietnam as a major producer and exporter over the past decade has made it increasingly influential in affecting world coffee prices. Compared to the large coffee plantations in Latin America, SSA coffee is produced on smaller farms, utilizing on average only a few hectares of land. Because virtually all of SSA agriculture is rain-fed, coffee production can be subject to a high degree of variability in both volume and quality from year to year. 1 Historically, SSA coffee exporters have been dependent on European markets, but in recent years the United States has become an increasingly important destination with the growing demand for premium or gourmet coffee among American consumers. 1 Rain-fed is defined as growing crops under conditions of natural rainfall rather than using manmade irrigation systems. 2-4
Box 2.1 Product description for coffee Coffee is produced in tropical and subtropical climates in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, largely by small landowners. There are two main types of coffee: Arabica and Robusta. Arabica is grown in higher altitudes in Latin America and northeastern Africa and accounts for two-thirds of total world production. Robusta is produced in low altitudes in Asia, western and southern Africa, and Brazil. Because of its superior flavor and aroma, Arabica coffee usually receives a higher price than Robusta, which is often used as a filler in coffee blends. There are only five coffee producing countries that consume a substantial amount of their own production: Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Mexico, and Colombia. 2 Coffee is one of the most actively traded commodities in the world. In many years, it is second only to oil as a source of foreign exchange for developing countries. For several of the world’s least developed countries, exports of coffee account for over 80 percent of foreign exchange earnings. Most of the world’s coffee is exported to the high-income countries of Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia. Coffee is a traded on major futures and commodity exchanges, most prominently in New York and London. 1 Coffee is a beverage that is made from the roasted beans of the coffee plant. The process of making coffee begins when the green beans (or berries) are picked from the coffee plant (usually by hand) and then washed and dried. The coffee beans are heated to between 180ºC and 240ºC for 8 to 15 minutes, depending on the degree of roast required. The longer the coffee is roasted, the darker it becomes. The roasted beans are then ground and brewed in order to create the coffee beverage. ____________ 1 International Coffee Organization Web site. http://www.ico.org/index.asp (accessed various dates). 2 Baffes, Lewin, and Varangis, “Coffee: Market Setting and Policies,” 2005. Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is highly dependent on agriculture, with agriculture accounting for almost half of its GDP. 2 Coffee is the leading cash crop and consistently the leading export product, accounting for 35 percent of total export value in 2006. 3 Ethiopia has been the fourth- or fifth-leading exporter of coffee in the world over the past 5 years. 4 In addition, more than 25 percent of Ethiopia’s population is dependent on coffee production and trade. 5 Ethiopia is the birthplace of Arabica 6 coffee and, unlike the rest of SSA, domestic consumption is large, accounting for a significant proportion of its usage. 7 The combination of good rainfall during the past three years, following a severe drought in 2002−03, and a recovery in world coffee prices has benefited the Ethiopian coffee industry immensely. Coffee is produced largely in the central and southern areas of the country, 8 and 95 percent of production is from small landholders. 9 2 EIU, Country Profile 2007: Ethiopia, 2007, 23. 3 Ibid., 56. 4 USDA, FAS, Tropical Products: World Markets and Trade, June 2007, 9. 5 McCarthy, “Linking Smallholder Producer Groups to Higher Value Markets,” February 12, 2007, 10. 6 One of the two major species of coffee, Arabica, represents about two-thirds of the world market. Compared to the other major species, Robusta, Arabica coffee plants thrive at higher elevations in a cooler, drier climate. Arabica beans are generally considered to produce betterquality and more flavorful coffee. 7 According to USDA, Ethiopia’s coffee consumption averaged 42 percent of production during 2002−06. USDA, FAS, Production, Supply and Distribution Online. 8 EIU, Country Profile 2007: Ethiopia, 2007, 24. 9 McCarthy, “Linking Smallholder Producer Groups to Higher Value Markets,” February 12, 2007, 10. 2-5
Page 2 and 3: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 4 and 5: This report was prepared principall
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 2 Agri
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 3 Mini
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 4 Servic
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Page 18 and 19: several multinational companies to
Page 20 and 21: Table ES.1 Sub-Saharan Africa: Summ
Page 22 and 23: xviii Table ES.2 Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Overview
Page 27 and 28: Approach The approach employed by t
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa mercha
Page 31: divided between transportation serv
Page 34 and 35: Coffee Summary of Findings The valu
Page 38 and 39: Kenya Coffee is a major export for
Page 40 and 41: 95 percent of Tanzania’s coffee i
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2.2 Leading markets for glob
Page 44 and 45: improvement in quality over the pas
Page 46 and 47: usiness and conducts central coffee
Page 48 and 49: Coffee Bibliography Akiyama, Takama
Page 50 and 51: Wasserman, Miriam. “Trouble in Co
Page 52 and 53: Box 2.2 Shea butter production, pro
Page 54 and 55: Shea butter competes with a number
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa shea n
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.6 SSA shea exports for sel
Page 60 and 61: Leading Export Markets The leading
Page 62 and 63: include specific iodine values, mel
Page 64 and 65: utter. Blue Mont Trading LTD instal
Page 66 and 67: ——. “The Shea Butter Value Ch
Page 68 and 69: Table 2.4 Sub-Saharan Africa export
Page 70 and 71: Box 2.4 Product description for spi
Page 72 and 73: Table 2.5 Sub-Saharan Africa export
Page 74 and 75: Vanilla In 2006, the leading world
Page 76 and 77: Figure 2.10 SSA vanilla and clove e
Page 78 and 79: Spices Bibliography Angrisani, Caro
Page 80 and 81: Tropical Fruit 155 Summary of Findi
Page 82 and 83: chains, as well as more dependable
Page 84 and 85: Pacific (ACP) regions to reduce the
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Table 2.6 Sub-Saharan Africa export
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terms of value was much more signif
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Figure 2.13 Leading markets for glo
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Box 2.7 EU tariff preferences for b
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a corresponding contraction in mark
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product, the largest suppliers to t
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has a controlling interest, was the
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(2,471 acres) at the Paradise pinea
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port, and provides market informati
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Tropical Fruit Bibliography Adongo,
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Heller, Lorraine, “Chiquita Raise
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Footwear Summary of Findings Althou
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Box 3.1 Product description for foo
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Leading Exporters China dominates e
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SSA footwear exports reached $42.5
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companies. Footwear and apparel exp
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factories and to train employees to
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Box 3.3 TSONGA USA LLC: An example
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Van der Loop, Theo. Clothing and Fo
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Table 3.2 Sub-Saharan Africa natura
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Profiles of Leading SSA NR Producer
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Nigeria; however Michelin ceased op
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Proposals to Promote the Industry a
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Figure 3.4 Leading markets for glob
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Natural Rubber Bibliography AFP.
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Processed Diamonds Summary of Findi
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Box 3.6 Precious-metal jewelry An e
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Box 3.7 The Kimberley Process Certi
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The opening and success of the plan
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Box 3.8 Petra Diamonds’ for SSA b
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MBendi, “Africa: Mining-Diamond M
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Table 3.5 Sub-Saharan Africa textil
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High demand for apparel inputs such
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For example, Lesotho’s export gro
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increased European demand for appar
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Tanzania In 2004, A to Z Textile Mi
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Textiles Bibliography Brenton, Paul
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Wood Furniture Summary of Findings
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European Commission for the Promoti
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Figure 3.8 Leading global and sub-S
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producers to pursue increasingly di
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Box 3.11 Shift in sourcing of wood
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$805,000. 241 Consequently, the com
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A smaller exporter, Semak Ghana Ltd
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egulations are often part of a fore
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South Africa A focus in the 1994 Fo
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Wood Furniture Bibliography African
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International Log & Sawnwood Prices
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Wood Southern Africa & Timber Times
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Africa, 3 Kenya, and Ethiopia were
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Table 4.2 Leading sub-Saharan Afric
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Figure 4.1 Leading global a and sub
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sharing agreements, 19 capital inve
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Infrastructure Development Investme
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Ethiopia Aviation services exports
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South Africa is serviced by three i
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Aviation Services Bibliography Afri
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Otieno, Tobias. “Aircraft and Air
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Industry Overview The voice telecom
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Commensurate with the relatively la
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Factors Affecting Export Patterns D
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Table 4.4 Competition and state own
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the region. 114 National fiberoptic
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agricultural productivity and farm
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Nigeria Nigeria became the largest
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low penetration rates and liberaliz
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International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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A-4
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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 137
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APPENDIX C HEARING LIST OF PARTICPA
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APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF VIEWS OF INTE
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He indicated that COMESA has develo
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textile, apparel, and related indus
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Table E.1 Harmonized tariff schedul
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F‐3 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by H
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F‐11 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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