Factors Affecting Trade Patterns of - United States International ...

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This report was prepared principally by the Office of Industries Project Leader Falan Yinug Deputy Project Leader James Fetzer Andrea Boron, Gail Burns, Ray Cantrell, Jonathan Coleman, Daniel Cook, Alfred Dennis, Erland Herfindahl, Brendan Lynch, Erick Oh, Laura Rodriguez, Mark Simone, and Ralph Watkins Primary Reviewers Nannette Christ and Cathy Jabara Office of Economics Kyle Johnson Administrative Support Phyllis Boone, Monica Reed, and Wanda Tolson Special Assistance David Lundy, Cynthia Payne, and Laura Polly Under the direction of Michael Anderson, Chief Advanced Technology and Machinery Division
Abstract T his report examines factors that contributed to the shift in global export patterns in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during 2002–06 for 11 industries: coffee; shea butter; spices (primarily vanilla, cloves, pepper, and ginger); tropical fruit (primarily bananas and pineapples); footwear; natural rubber; processed diamonds; textiles; wood furniture; aviation services; and communication services. The value of global SSA exports increased in nine of the 11 industries during 2002–06, ranging from a 12 percent increase in the value of textile exports to a 262 percent increase in the value of natural rubber exports. For the most part, the nine industries benefited from three common factors: (1) increased global prices as a result of demand growth exceeding supply growth; (2) investment in new and expanded production capacity; and (3) implementation of policies and programs to promote industrial development, whether targeted to a specific industry or applied generally to all industries. Other factors that contributed to the development of these industries and facilitated export growth include: (4) growth of private enterprise and emergence of key business relationships; (5) infrastructural improvements; (6) deeper regional integration; (7) improved product quality; (8) liberalized market regulations; (9) effects of tariff preferences; (10) improved industry organization; and (11) product differentiation. The value of global SSA exports declined for three of the selected industries during 2002–06: spices, wood furniture, and the pineapples sector of tropical fruit, industries which experienced decreases of 47, 46, and 5 percent, respectively. Factors contributing to decreased export values or mitigating export growth included; (1) increased competition in key markets; (2) low crop yield due to weather; (3) political instability; (4) overproduction; (5) effects of exchange rate changes; (6) reduced resource supply; (7) and increased local demand. The change in volume of global SSA exports for most industries varied, ranging from a 28 percent decrease for pineapples to a 15 percent increase for natural rubber, with an exceptionally large increase for shea butter of 660 percent. i
Page 2 and 3: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 2 Agri
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 3 Mini
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 4 Servic
Page 15: CONTENTS-Continued Figures—Contin
Page 18 and 19: several multinational companies to
Page 20 and 21: Table ES.1 Sub-Saharan Africa: Summ
Page 22 and 23: xviii Table ES.2 Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Overview
Page 27 and 28: Approach The approach employed by t
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa mercha
Page 31: divided between transportation serv
Page 34 and 35: Coffee Summary of Findings The valu
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa coffee
Page 38 and 39: Kenya Coffee is a major export for
Page 40 and 41: 95 percent of Tanzania’s coffee i
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2.2 Leading markets for glob
Page 44 and 45: improvement in quality over the pas
Page 46 and 47: usiness and conducts central coffee
Page 48 and 49: Coffee Bibliography Akiyama, Takama
Page 50 and 51: Wasserman, Miriam. “Trouble in Co
Page 52 and 53: Box 2.2 Shea butter production, pro
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Shea butter competes with a number
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Table 2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa shea n
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Figure 2.6 SSA shea exports for sel
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Leading Export Markets The leading
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include specific iodine values, mel
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utter. Blue Mont Trading LTD instal
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——. “The Shea Butter Value Ch
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Table 2.4 Sub-Saharan Africa export
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Box 2.4 Product description for spi
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Vanilla In 2006, the leading world
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Figure 2.10 SSA vanilla and clove e
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Spices Bibliography Angrisani, Caro
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Tropical Fruit 155 Summary of Findi
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chains, as well as more dependable
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Pacific (ACP) regions to reduce the
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terms of value was much more signif
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Figure 2.13 Leading markets for glo
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Box 2.7 EU tariff preferences for b
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a corresponding contraction in mark
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product, the largest suppliers to t
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has a controlling interest, was the
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(2,471 acres) at the Paradise pinea
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port, and provides market informati
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Tropical Fruit Bibliography Adongo,
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Heller, Lorraine, “Chiquita Raise
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Footwear Summary of Findings Althou
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Box 3.1 Product description for foo
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Leading Exporters China dominates e
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SSA footwear exports reached $42.5
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companies. Footwear and apparel exp
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factories and to train employees to
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Box 3.3 TSONGA USA LLC: An example
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Van der Loop, Theo. Clothing and Fo
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Table 3.2 Sub-Saharan Africa natura
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Profiles of Leading SSA NR Producer
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Nigeria; however Michelin ceased op
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Proposals to Promote the Industry a
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Figure 3.4 Leading markets for glob
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Natural Rubber Bibliography AFP.
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Processed Diamonds Summary of Findi
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Box 3.6 Precious-metal jewelry An e
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Box 3.7 The Kimberley Process Certi
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The opening and success of the plan
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Box 3.8 Petra Diamonds’ for SSA b
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MBendi, “Africa: Mining-Diamond M
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Table 3.5 Sub-Saharan Africa textil
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High demand for apparel inputs such
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For example, Lesotho’s export gro
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increased European demand for appar
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Tanzania In 2004, A to Z Textile Mi
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Textiles Bibliography Brenton, Paul
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Wood Furniture Summary of Findings
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European Commission for the Promoti
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Figure 3.8 Leading global and sub-S
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producers to pursue increasingly di
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Box 3.11 Shift in sourcing of wood
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$805,000. 241 Consequently, the com
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A smaller exporter, Semak Ghana Ltd
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egulations are often part of a fore
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South Africa A focus in the 1994 Fo
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Wood Furniture Bibliography African
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International Log & Sawnwood Prices
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Wood Southern Africa & Timber Times
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Africa, 3 Kenya, and Ethiopia were
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Table 4.2 Leading sub-Saharan Afric
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Figure 4.1 Leading global a and sub
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sharing agreements, 19 capital inve
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Infrastructure Development Investme
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Ethiopia Aviation services exports
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South Africa is serviced by three i
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Aviation Services Bibliography Afri
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Otieno, Tobias. “Aircraft and Air
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Industry Overview The voice telecom
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Commensurate with the relatively la
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Factors Affecting Export Patterns D
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Table 4.4 Competition and state own
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the region. 114 National fiberoptic
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agricultural productivity and farm
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Nigeria Nigeria became the largest
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low penetration rates and liberaliz
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International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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A-4
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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 137
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APPENDIX C HEARING LIST OF PARTICPA
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APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF VIEWS OF INTE
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He indicated that COMESA has develo
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textile, apparel, and related indus
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Table E.1 Harmonized tariff schedul
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F‐3 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by H
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F‐11 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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