Factors Affecting Trade Patterns of - United States International ...

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Information Used in the Report Merchandise trade data throughout this report, unless otherwise indicated, were obtained from Global Trade Information Services, Inc.’s (GTIS) Global Trade Atlas database. 4 Industry sectors were defined based on 2-, 4-, and 6-digit harmonized system (HS) classifications (app. table E.1). To minimize the effect of incomplete trade data from SSA countries, the data presented for exports in this report represent the value of apparent exports rather than actual reported exports, unless otherwise noted. That is, as import data are generally considered more reliable than export data, and export data from a number of SSA countries were limited, export trade values were derived by aggregating import data values (including insurance and freight) from all countries reporting to GTIS. 5 Furthermore, complete and reliable 2006 data for some industry sectors (e.g., aviation services and communication services) were not readily available. Services industry definitions were based on the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Balance of Payments Manual. Services sector data were compiled from various sources, including the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual and the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) International Trade Statistics 2007. In addition to the trade data described above, information for this report was collected from a variety of industry and government sources, including domestic and foreign industry representatives; international organizations, including the WTO, the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, and the IMF; U.S. and foreign government sources, including U.S. embassies in SSA countries and SSA countries’ embassies in the United States; and submissions of interested parties. In addition, Commission staff conducted fieldwork in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda), Southern Africa (Madagascar and South Africa), and West Africa (Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Senegal). 4 Global Trade Atlas was the primary source of trade data for this report. Most data were collected as of July 24, 2007; however, Global Trade Information Services, Inc. (GTIS) periodically updates its database and certain values were updated at later times. All data are reported as nominal values unless otherwise indicated. Internal European Union trade data were excluded. Throughout this report, references to the European Union (EU) refer to the EU27: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. 5 Trade data used for the processed diamonds profile are an exception; as the import data are likely inflated due to double counting of reexports, SSA export data from the leading exporter, South Africa, were used. Import valuation for most countries reporting to GTIS is based on the cost, insurance, and freight, or C.I.F. value. Although this approach provided the broadest set of data, introduction of insurance and freight into the export values may cause additional variation. For example, increased freight costs associated with increased fuel costs over the period will also show up as increased export value. 1-2
Approach The approach employed by the Commission to identify factors that affected trade patterns in the selected industries included several steps. First, the Commission analyzed export data in the selected industries to determine whether changes in exports over the most recent five-year period primarily reflected changes in prices or changes in quantity. Second, examination of data was combined with information gathered from domestic and foreign industry and government sources, as well as international organizations, to identify factors that were related to demand and supply conditions affecting each selected industry. For example, factors relating to demand include changes in global demand and changes in tariff preferences extended to the respective SSA countries in world markets. Examples of factors relating to supply include increased investment leading to increased capacity and changes in domestic government policies, such as tax policies, or infrastructure improvements. The factors identified in this report are not an exhaustive list and are not ranked according to significance. Any level of relative significance suggested in the report is a qualitative assessment based on the information gathered and is not the result of statistical analysis. Data sources for this report include public sources of export data, telephone interviews, e-mail correspondence with domestic and foreign industry representatives, information from other U.S. government agencies, and fieldwork conducted by Commission staff. In Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, Commission staff met with representatives from the aviation services, coffee, communications services, footwear, shea butter, spice, textile, tropical fruit, wood furniture, and related industries. In Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Senegal, Commission staff met with representatives from the aviation services, coffee, communications services, natural rubber, shea butter, tropical fruit, wood furniture, and related industries. In Madagascar and South Africa, Commission staff met with representatives from the aviation services, diamond processing, natural rubber, spice, textile, wood furniture, and related industries. Organization of Report The remainder of chapter 1 provides an overview of SSA sector exports. Chapter 2 profiles the selected agricultural industries; chapter 3 profiles the selected mining and manufacturing industries; and chapter 4 profiles the selected services industries. 1-3
Page 2 and 3: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 4 and 5: This report was prepared principall
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 2 Agri
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS—Continued Chapter 3 Mini
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 4 Servic
Page 15: CONTENTS-Continued Figures—Contin
Page 18 and 19: several multinational companies to
Page 20 and 21: Table ES.1 Sub-Saharan Africa: Summ
Page 22 and 23: xviii Table ES.2 Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 25: CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Overview
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa mercha
Page 31: divided between transportation serv
Page 34 and 35: Coffee Summary of Findings The valu
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa coffee
Page 38 and 39: Kenya Coffee is a major export for
Page 40 and 41: 95 percent of Tanzania’s coffee i
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2.2 Leading markets for glob
Page 44 and 45: improvement in quality over the pas
Page 46 and 47: usiness and conducts central coffee
Page 48 and 49: Coffee Bibliography Akiyama, Takama
Page 50 and 51: Wasserman, Miriam. “Trouble in Co
Page 52 and 53: Box 2.2 Shea butter production, pro
Page 54 and 55: Shea butter competes with a number
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2 Sub-Saharan Africa shea n
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.6 SSA shea exports for sel
Page 60 and 61: Leading Export Markets The leading
Page 62 and 63: include specific iodine values, mel
Page 64 and 65: utter. Blue Mont Trading LTD instal
Page 66 and 67: ——. “The Shea Butter Value Ch
Page 68 and 69: Table 2.4 Sub-Saharan Africa export
Page 70 and 71: Box 2.4 Product description for spi
Page 72 and 73: Table 2.5 Sub-Saharan Africa export
Page 74 and 75: Vanilla In 2006, the leading world
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Figure 2.10 SSA vanilla and clove e
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Spices Bibliography Angrisani, Caro
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Tropical Fruit 155 Summary of Findi
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chains, as well as more dependable
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Pacific (ACP) regions to reduce the
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Table 2.6 Sub-Saharan Africa export
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terms of value was much more signif
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Figure 2.13 Leading markets for glo
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Box 2.7 EU tariff preferences for b
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a corresponding contraction in mark
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product, the largest suppliers to t
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has a controlling interest, was the
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(2,471 acres) at the Paradise pinea
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port, and provides market informati
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Tropical Fruit Bibliography Adongo,
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Heller, Lorraine, “Chiquita Raise
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Footwear Summary of Findings Althou
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Box 3.1 Product description for foo
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Leading Exporters China dominates e
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SSA footwear exports reached $42.5
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companies. Footwear and apparel exp
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factories and to train employees to
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Box 3.3 TSONGA USA LLC: An example
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Van der Loop, Theo. Clothing and Fo
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Table 3.2 Sub-Saharan Africa natura
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Profiles of Leading SSA NR Producer
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Nigeria; however Michelin ceased op
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Proposals to Promote the Industry a
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Figure 3.4 Leading markets for glob
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Natural Rubber Bibliography AFP.
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Processed Diamonds Summary of Findi
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Box 3.6 Precious-metal jewelry An e
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Box 3.7 The Kimberley Process Certi
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The opening and success of the plan
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Box 3.8 Petra Diamonds’ for SSA b
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MBendi, “Africa: Mining-Diamond M
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Table 3.5 Sub-Saharan Africa textil
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High demand for apparel inputs such
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For example, Lesotho’s export gro
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increased European demand for appar
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Tanzania In 2004, A to Z Textile Mi
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Textiles Bibliography Brenton, Paul
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Wood Furniture Summary of Findings
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European Commission for the Promoti
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Figure 3.8 Leading global and sub-S
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producers to pursue increasingly di
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Box 3.11 Shift in sourcing of wood
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$805,000. 241 Consequently, the com
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A smaller exporter, Semak Ghana Ltd
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egulations are often part of a fore
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South Africa A focus in the 1994 Fo
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Wood Furniture Bibliography African
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International Log & Sawnwood Prices
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Wood Southern Africa & Timber Times
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Africa, 3 Kenya, and Ethiopia were
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Table 4.2 Leading sub-Saharan Afric
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Figure 4.1 Leading global a and sub
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sharing agreements, 19 capital inve
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Infrastructure Development Investme
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Ethiopia Aviation services exports
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South Africa is serviced by three i
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Aviation Services Bibliography Afri
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Otieno, Tobias. “Aircraft and Air
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Industry Overview The voice telecom
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Commensurate with the relatively la
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Factors Affecting Export Patterns D
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Table 4.4 Competition and state own
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the region. 114 National fiberoptic
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agricultural productivity and farm
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Nigeria Nigeria became the largest
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low penetration rates and liberaliz
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International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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A-4
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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 137
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APPENDIX C HEARING LIST OF PARTICPA
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APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF VIEWS OF INTE
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He indicated that COMESA has develo
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textile, apparel, and related indus
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Table E.1 Harmonized tariff schedul
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F‐3 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by H
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F‐11 App. F.1 Top 10 exports, by
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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App. F.2 Leading SSA services expor
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