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Learning Goal for this section: Explain and compare nuclea reactions (radioactive decay, fission and fusion), the energy changes associated with them and their associated saftey issues. Notes Section: 6 protons 8 neutrons 14 mass Carbon -> Nitrogen 14 mass 7 protons Beta Particle Negative Electron Positive Electron Positron Gamma Energy very high frequency so it can penetrate deeply. Half-Life 100g of a substance, if it has a 20min half-life, after 20min it has 50g, after another 20min, it has 25g later. The initial substance is conver into a different element. So that after the first half-life the substance has 5 intitail substance and the other 50g is changed into a different substance
The Nucleus A typical model of the atom is called the Bohr Model, in honor of Niels Bohr who proposed the structure in 1913. The Bohr atom consists of a central nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, which is surrounded by electrons which “orbit” around the nucleus. Protons carry a positive charge of one and have a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit or amu (1 amu =1.7x10- 27 kg, a very, very small number). Neutrons are electrically “neutral” and also have a mass of about 1 amu. In contrast electron carry a negative charge and have mass of only 0.00055 amu. The number of protons in a nucleus determines the element of the atom. For example, the number of protons in uranium is 92 and the number in neon is 10. The proton number is often referred to as Z. Atoms with different numbers of protons are called elements, and are arranged in the periodic table with increasing Z. Atoms in nature are electrically neutral so the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus equals the number of protons in the nucleus. Neutrons make up the remaining mass of the nucleus and provide a means to “glue” the protons in place. Without neutrons, the nucleus would split apart because the positive protons would repel each other. Elements can have nucleii with different numbers of neutrons in them. For example hydrogen, which normally only has one proton in the nucleus, can have a neutron added to its nucleus to from deuterium, ir have two neutrons added to create tritium, which is radioactive. Atoms of the same element which vary in neutron number are called isotopes. Some elements have many stable isotopes (tin has 10) while others have only one or two. We express isotopes with the nomenclature Neon-20 or 20 Ne 10, with twenty representing the total number of neutrons and protons in the atom, often referred to as A, and 10 representing the number of protons (Z). Alpha Particle Decay Alpha decay is a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom. The particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom. Alpha decay only occurs in very heavy elements such as uranium, thorium and radium. The nuclei of these atoms are very “neutron rich” (i.e. have a lot more neutrons in their nucleus than they do protons) which makes emission of the alpha particle possible. After an atom ejects an alpha particle, a new parent atom is formed which has two less neutrons and two less protons. Thus, when uranium-238 (which has a Z of 92) decays by alpha emission, thorium-234 is created (which has a Z of 90). Because alpha particles contain two protons, they have a positive charge of two. Further, alpha particles are very heavy and very energetic compared to other common types of radiation. These characteristics allow alpha particles to interact readily with materials they encounter, including air, causing many ionizations in a very short distance. Typical alpha particles will travel no more than a few centimeters in air and are stopped by a sheet of paper.
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Enmanuel’s Chemistry Notebook
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
Page 7 and 8: 30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1 Unit 1 Introduction to Ch
Page 12 and 13: Determine appropriate and consisten
Page 14 and 15: 2. One cereal bar has a mass of 37
Page 16 and 17: 1. How many meters are in one kilom
Page 18 and 19: The Learning Goal for this assignme
Page 20 and 21: RULE #3: To add/subtract in scienti
Page 24 and 25: Rule 3: A final zero or trailing ze
Page 26 and 27: For addition and subtraction, look
Page 28 and 29: Dimensional Analysis This is a way
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 4 Unit 2 Atomic Structure T
Page 34 and 35: Looking at Ions We haven’t talked
Page 36 and 37: Neutron Madness We have already lea
Page 39 and 40: Electron Configuration Color the su
Page 41 and 42: Electron Configuration In order to
Page 44 and 45: Create groups for these Scientist a
Page 46 and 47: The Learning Goal for this Assignme
Page 48 and 49: Define Atomic Size: The size of the
Page 50 and 51: Electronegativity Define Electroneg
Page 52 and 53: Unit 3 Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry
Page 54 and 55: Enmanuel Garrido Name _____________
Page 58 and 59: Beta Particle Decay Beta decay is a
Page 62 and 63: Ion Charge? What is the charge on f
Page 66 and 67: C 2 H 6 O Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 O Step
Page 68 and 69: Linear Molecular Geometry Orbital E
Page 70 and 71: Bent Molecular Geometry Orbital Equ
Page 72 and 73: Bent Molecular Geometry Orbital Equ
Page 74 and 75: Trigonal Bi Pyramidal Molecular Geo
Page 76 and 77: Octahedral Molecular Geometry Orbit
Page 78 and 79: Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 9 Unit 4 Chemical Names and
Page 82: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guid
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 12 Stoichiometry The studen
Page 87 and 88: www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTRm8PwcZ3U
Page 89 and 90: 4) Double displacement: This is whe
Page 91 and 92: Determine the Type of Reaction for
Page 93 and 94: Step 3 Always leave hydrogen and ox
Page 95 and 96: 1) ___ NaNO3 + ___ PbO ___ Pb(NO3)
Page 97 and 98: 1) 2 NaNO3 + PbO Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O 2
Page 99 and 100: we can determine that 2 moles of HC
Page 101 and 102: When there is no limiting reagent b
Page 103 and 104: Example 7 How much 5M stock solutio
Page 105 and 106: Theoretical and Actual Yields Key T
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Review Purposes To get an over
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Unit 6 Chapter 13 States of Matter
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The Learning Goal for this assignme
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Summary: In this chapter we learned
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P 1 : 1980 torr V 1 : 7730 ml P 2 :
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P 1 : 107 kPA T 1 : 41 C à 314 K P
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Ideal Gas Law: The gas law that inc
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7.Electrolyte: Is a compound that c
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Create and interpret potential ener
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Part 1: Mass Percent Mass percent (
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Glossary Concentration: Amount of d
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Specific Heat Here is the definitio
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Step One: solid ice rises in temper
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Step Three: liquid water rises in t
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Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
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then it is exothermic, meaning the
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Chemical Concepts: The chemical con
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A increasing the equilibrium consta
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Chemical Concepts: The chemical con
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Reduction Oxidation reduction react
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So far, the properties have an obvi
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The acid base theory of Brønsted a
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IV. Problems with the Theory This t
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Let's discuss significant figures a
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On your calculator you would input
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Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
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7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
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Notice that each separate substance
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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