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New real-time market facilitating demandside
resources for system balancing
Donghan Feng 1 *, J Østergaard 1
1 Center for Electric Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
* Speaker: df@elektro dtu dk, Tel: +45 45253483
Abstract
Many demand side resources have the potential to provide fast and low cost balancing services
Switching these devices on and off can be executed in seconds and have limited consequences
for the customers if the duration is not long With carefully designed market rules, tens of
thousands of such loads can deliver a well-behaved, stable and predictable balancing support
Based on a comprehensive analysis of the current balancing markets, the demand/supply of
system balancing and the technical properties of traditional/potential demand-side balancing
resources, this paper proposed a new demand-side real-time balancing market setup In light
of the future environment of increasing intermittent renewable power and distributed energy/
storage resources, stochastic time-series and Monte-Carlo simulation are used to analyze the
relationship between balancing requirement and generation/demand uncertainties This research
is potentially useful for designing future balancing markets and utilizing demand response for
system services
Keyword: electric power system; electricity market; real-time balance; demand side response;
market design; renewable energy; distributed storage; electric vehicle; vehicle to grid; wind
power; time-series analysis; Monte-Carlo simulation
1. Background
Electricity cannot be stored efficiently in a
large scale Therefore the maintenance of
balance between supply and demand in the
grid at each moment is one of the major
tasks for the system operator The duty is to
estimate beforehand the amount of possible
deviations and to secure sufficient resources
with fast enough response speed is available
for activation, in order to restore small
and large imbalances as soon as possible
Therefore, apart from scheduled generation,
it is very important to arrange enough
standby resources for real time balancing
Traditionally, real-time system balancing
services is provided by large power plants
through manual instructions and/or automatic
devices such as primary frequency control,
load frequency control/automatic generation
control devices After deregulation, these
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resources are traded usually through specific
ancillary services market(s); in Denmark/
Nordic it is the regulating power market, in
US they are operating reserve market and
regulation market, while in mainland Europe
(UCTE) these resources are regarded as
primary, secondary and tertiary frequency
control services In this paper, we use a
general term “balancing market” to denote
all these markets for the purpose of realtime
balancing In balancing markets, market
rules should be appropriately designed to fit
the physical properties of different balancing
resources, thus ensuring that resources are
always adequate for system balancing in real
time
Production of electricity from the renewable
sources is increasing very fast in recent
years and will keep the increasing trend in