Energiforsyning i Arktis – hvilken vej vælger Grønland? - Artek ...
Energiforsyning i Arktis – hvilken vej vælger Grønland? - Artek ...
Energiforsyning i Arktis – hvilken vej vælger Grønland? - Artek ...
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the foreseeable future under the support of<br />
national targets and schemes The vision of<br />
Europe is 20 % renewable energies of the<br />
overall energy consumption by 2020 [1]<br />
The vision of Denmark is 50% wind power<br />
of the total electricity consumption by 2025<br />
[2] Compared to traditional generation<br />
technologies, renewable power such as wind<br />
and solar is significantly volatile, intermittent<br />
and difficult to forecast The integration of<br />
these volatile renewable generations arouses<br />
an increasing need for balancing In western<br />
Denmark electric power system (DK West),<br />
which has a particularly high wind power<br />
penetration (the total installed capacity of<br />
wind accounts to about 32% of the total<br />
installed generation capacity), the balancing<br />
resources is close to exhaustion [3] In the<br />
light of increasing share from wind, solar and<br />
other intermittent renewable power, the need<br />
for new balancing resources will be more and<br />
more critical<br />
Demand side resources have the potential to<br />
provide fast and low cost balancing services<br />
These resources widely exist in industrial,<br />
commercial and household electricity demand,<br />
e g heat pumps, direct electric heating,<br />
refrigerators, dish washers, washing/drying<br />
machines, air-conditioners, electrical vehicles<br />
[4], etc Switching these devices on and off<br />
can be executed in seconds and have limited<br />
consequences for the customers if the duration<br />
is not long With careful design, thousands of<br />
such loads can deliver a well-behaved, stable<br />
and predictable balancing support<br />
However, existing electricity markets were<br />
designed to facilitate effective operation of<br />
large power plants with considerable start up<br />
times, comparatively low ramping rates and<br />
long duration capability1, but not suitable<br />
for these potential demand-side balancing<br />
resources due to their different timeline<br />
properties with traditional balancing resources<br />
In light of the fact that current markets are<br />
generally effective in operating the traditional<br />
balancing resources which are still needed in<br />
the foreseeable future, nurturing a separate<br />
balancing market suitable for demand-side<br />
balancing resources will be a more practical<br />
idea than totally redesign or abandon the<br />
current balancing markets<br />
Based on a comprehensive analysis of the<br />
30<br />
current balancing markets, the demand/<br />
supply of system balancing and the technical<br />
properties of traditional/potential demandside<br />
balancing resources, this paper proposed<br />
a new demand-side real-time balancing<br />
market setup This research is potentially<br />
useful for future balancing market design<br />
and utilizing demand response for system<br />
services, under the environment of increasing<br />
intermittent renewable generation<br />
2. Proposal<br />
2.1. Dilemma of a single market setup<br />
and the proposal of a separate new<br />
market setup<br />
The physical characteristics the potential<br />
demand-side balancing resources are quite<br />
different from traditional manually balancing<br />
resources<br />
The potential demand-side balancing<br />
resources generally can be switched on<br />
and off in seconds, but can not sustain for<br />
a long time, and the availability of them<br />
are difficult to predict a long time forward<br />
On the contrary, traditional generation-side<br />
balancing resources requires a comparatively<br />
long time for activation, due to their startup<br />
process and limited ramping rate Therefore,<br />
a single market setup for both traditional and<br />
potential balancing resources will result in<br />
dilemma situations, suppose if you choose:<br />
• Long market forward time, more traditional<br />
fossil-fueled generators will be ready to<br />
ramp but less potential balancing resources<br />
can ensure their output in the real time<br />
due to longer forecast lead time<br />
• Long activation time, more power can<br />
be provided by traditional fossil-fueled<br />
generators due to their certain startup<br />
time and ramping rate, but less potential<br />
balancing resources can ensure their output<br />
in the real time due to longer forecast lead<br />
time<br />
• Long duration time, system operator<br />
can reduce workload for switching the<br />
resources with almost no impact for<br />
traditional fossil-fueled generators, but will<br />
significantly influence the response from<br />
potential balancing resources, e g Vehicle<br />
to Grid due to its battery capacity, electric<br />
heating due to customers’ comfort level<br />
• Long market cycle, workload for market
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