Energiforsyning i Arktis – hvilken vej vælger Grønland? - Artek ...

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Opportunities to develop to to develop stranded stranded renewable Opportunities energy resources to resources develop in stranded renewable energy resources in in Alaska to to to benefit renewable benefit power–placed energy resources industries in Alaska benefit power–placed industries and and and create to new benefit create economic new power–placed opportunities create new economic industries economic opportunities and opportunities create new economic opportunities Agota Horel1 & Gwen Holdmann1* Agota Horel 1 The Alaska Center for Energy and Power, University of Alaska Fairbanks 814 Alumni Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA * Speaker, e-mail: gwen holdmann@uaf edu 1 & Gwen Holdmann 1* Agota Horel 1 The Alaska Center for Energy and Power, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 814 Alumni Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA * Speaker, e-mail: gwen.holdmann@uaf.edu 1 & Gwen Holdmann 1* Agota Horel 1 The Alaska Center for Energy and Power, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 814 Alumni Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA * Speaker, e-mail: gwen.holdmann@uaf.edu 1 & Gwen Holdmann 1* 1 The Alaska Center for Energy and Power, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 814 Alumni Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA * Speaker, e-mail: gwen.holdmann@uaf.edu Abstract Abstract In this paper, the authors propose to analyze the potential opportunities to develop a major Abstract power-placed industrial processing center to be located within the Aleutian Islands Examples of In Abstract this paper, the authors propose to analyze the potential opportunities to develop a major potential opportunities include development of a smelter facility for local and/or imported metals, power-placed In this paper, industrial the authors processing propose center to analyze to be the located potential within opportunities the Aleutian to Islands. develop Examples a major or production of a synthetic hydrocarbon fuel such as hydrogen or ammonia from electricity of power-placed In this paper, potential opportunities industrial the authors processing propose include development center to analyze to be the of located potential a smelter within opportunities facility the Aleutian to for local Islands. develop and/or Examples a major imported generated via geothermal power that could be exported The authors consider numerous factors metals, of power-placed potential or production opportunities industrial processing of a include synthetic development center to be hydrocarbon of located a fuel smelter within such facility the Aleutian as hydrogen for local Islands. or and/or Examples ammonia imported from in the assessment, including: 1) resource potential; 2) land ownership; 3) location of shipping electricity metals, of potential or generated production opportunities via of geothermal a include synthetic development power hydrocarbon of a that could fuel smelter such facility be exported. as hydrogen for local The or and/or authors ammonia imported consider from routes; 4) expected impacts of climate change; and 5) potential deep harbor locations The paper numerous electricity metals, or factors generated production in the via of assessment, geothermal a synthetic including: power hydrocarbon that 1) could fuel such resource be exported. as hydrogen potential; 2) The or land authors ammonia ownership; consider from 3) includes an initial assessment of the economics and logistical challenges; however additional location numerous electricity generated of factors shipping in routes; the via assessment, geothermal power 4) expected including: that impacts 1) could of resource be exported. climate potential; change; and 2) The land authors 5) potential ownership; consider deep 3) resource exploration is needed to further develop this concept harbor location numerous locations. of factors shipping in The routes; the assessment, paper 4) includes expected including: an initial impacts 1) assessment of resource climate potential; of change; the economics and 2) land 5) potential ownership; and logistical deep 3) challenges; harbor location locations. of shipping however The routes; additional paper 4) includes expected resource an impacts exploration initial assessment of climate is needed to of change; further the economics and 5) potential develop this and concept. logistical deep challenges; harbor locations. however The additional paper includes resource an exploration initial assessment is needed of to further the economics develop this and concept. logistical challenges; however additional resource exploration is needed to further develop this concept. 1. Introduction 1. Introduction In 1. Introduction 2000, the estimated installed geothermal generation In 2000, the capacity estimated world–wide installed geothermal was over 11,000 generation In 2000, the MWe, capacity estimated where the world–wide installed geothermal United States was is over one of 11,000 generation the MWe, capacity largest where generators the world–wide United with States was 2376 is over MWe, one geothermal of 11,000 the MWe, largest where electricity generators the United provider with States among 2376 is MWe, one the of countries geothermal the largest (Huttrer, electricity generators 2001), provider with a number among 2376 MWe, that the has countries geothermal since declined. (Huttrer, electricity Estimates 2001), provider a for number among 2005 U.S. that the countries geothermal has since declined. (Huttrer, capacity Estimates 2001), a were reduced for number 2005 to 1935 U.S. that geothermal has since declined. MWe for 2005 capacity Estimates (Bertani, were 2005). reduced for 2005 Other to major 1935 U.S. MWe geothermal geothermal for 2005 capacity electricity (Bertani, were 2005). reduced using Other to countries major 1935 include geothermal MWe for 2005 the Philippines, electricity (Bertani, 2005). Mexico, using Other Indonesia, countries major Italy include geothermal (Bertani, the Philippines, electricity 2005) and Iceland. Mexico, using Indonesia, countries Italy include (Bertani, the Philippines, 2005) and Mexico, Iceland. Indonesia, Italy (Bertani, 2005) and Iceland. Alaska is home to significant renewable resources, Alaska is home including to significant one of the renewable largest undeveloped resources, Alaska is home including to significant geothermal one fields of in the renewable the largest world located undeveloped resources, including in the geothermal one Aleutian Island fields of volcanic in the the largest world arc. Many located undeveloped of in the the geothermal best Aleutian non-developed Island fields volcanic in the world renewable arc. resources Many located of in the the in best Aleutian Alaska non-developed Island volcanic are not located renewable arc. near population resources Many of the in best centers, Alaska non-developed making are not them located renewable largely near uneconomic population resources in centers, Alaska to develop making are not for in-state them located use. largely near The uneconomic population centers, to develop making for in-state them use. largely The uneconomic to develop for in-state use. The 41 geothermal resources in the Aleutians are a good geothermal example resources – this volcanic in the Aleutians arc has are been a explored good geothermal example resources for development – this volcanic in the Aleutians in the arc past, has are been a but only explored good example in association for development – this volcanic with existing in the arc population past, has been but centers. only explored in association for development with existing in the population past, but centers. only in association with existing population centers. By combining Alaska’s wealth in minerals and By combining energy resources, Alaska’s wealth together in with minerals its strategic and By combining energy location resources, Alaska’s wealth at a together in minerals global shipping with its crossroads, strategic and energy location resources, Alaska has at a together the global with opportunity shipping its to become crossroads, strategic location a destination Alaska has at a for the global energy opportunity shipping intensive to industries become crossroads, a such destination Alaska has as refining for the energy opportunity of raw intensive to minerals and industries become a ores enroute such destination as to refining for energy markets of raw intensive around minerals the world. and industries ores such Today, enroute as refining most minerals to markets of raw are shipped around minerals out the of world. and ores Alaska Today, enroute in an most unrefined minerals to markets form are around shipped due to the out the high of world. Alaska Today, cost of in energy an most unrefined minerals in remote form are shipped areas, due where to out the many high of Alaska cost mines of in energy an unrefined are located. in remote form For example, areas, due to where the ore from many high cost the mines of energy Red are Dog located. in remote Mine For in northwestern example, areas, where ore Alaska, from many the mines which Red are is Dog located. the largest Mine For in example, zinc/lead northwestern ore mine in Alaska, from the the world, which Red is is Dog currently the Mine largest in being zinc/lead northwestern shipped mine to Malaysia in Alaska, the world, which to be is refined. currently the largest As being zinc/lead energy-intensive shipped mine to industries Malaysia in the world, to move be is refined. currently offshore As being to energy-intensive shipped to secure cheap industries Malaysia to move be refined. offshore As to energy-intensive secure cheap industries move offshore to secure cheap
power contracts overseas, the United States becomes vulnerable to political instability, which could disrupt production of raw materials critical to U.S. manufacturing industries. Locating a processing and refining center in the Aleutians would ensure a consistent and uninterrupted supply of raw materials to U.S. manufacturers that are critical to ensuring long-term national security. 2. Geologic Background The Aleutian Arc is located at the north part of the “Ring of Fire” with high volcanic activities due to active subduction of the Pacific lithosperic plate beneath the North American lithospheric plate. Two major types of geothermal heat transfer mechanisms exist, thermal conduction through solid rock and convection through fluid circulation, mainly water or steam. This report focuses on the latter, also known as hydrothermal systems. The hotter the system, the more efficient a potential power generation will be from a given resource (Nye, 2010, Pers. Comm.). While it is not always the case, deeper explorative drilling generally locates higher temperature resources due to the earth’s thermal gradient. Based on geothermal resource assessments in the 1980s, a number of locations in the Aleutian Islands have shown high geothermal energy potential. Motyka et al. (1993) summarized previous exploration data for the Aleutian Arc. Generally hot springs (T>50°C), warm springs (T
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