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68 Tracking ocean wanderers: the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels – Discussion Figure 5.17. Gaps in breeding albatross PTT tracking data submitted to the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop. At each site the combined size of breeding colonies of one or more species with no breeding tracking data is shown as the proportion of the global albatross breeding population. Figure 5.18. Gaps in non-breeding albatross PTT tracking data submitted to the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop. At each site the combined size of breeding colonies of one or more species with no non-breeding tracking data is shown as the proportion of the global albatross breeding population.
Tracking ocean wanderers: the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In addition to evaluating progress in respect of the original strategic aims, this section also attempts to summarise the achievements of the workshop and to indicate some of the future steps necessary to develop its potential. This recognises that the workshop, and the work undertaken subsequently, was undoubtedly a landmark in the collaborative use of remote-recording data on the ranges and distributions of seabirds. Nevertheless, this initiative is still only a start in the evolution of what we hope will become a valuable tool for collaboration and cooperation. We hope it will help advance scientific understanding of the principles underlying the use of marine habitats by albatrosses and petrels and also the application of this knowledge to address priority conservation and management issues in marine systems— especially on the high seas. 6.1 COLLABORATION AND SYNTHESIS This workshop could not have happened without the commitment of individual scientists and organisational dataholders to contribute their data—in most cases containing material unpublished and/or unexploited to a greater or lesser extent—to address goals of common concern and interest. This trust and commitment allowed a number of important achievements to be realised. Data Over 90% of all extant albatross and petrel tracking data was submitted to the workshop, representing 18 of the 23 candidate species of albatross and giant-petrel, plus White-chinned Petrel. Methods Standard analytical procedures could be developed and applied to the satellite tracking (PTT) data because dataholders were prepared to submit the raw data records. Consistent procedures could be developed for the presentation of geolocator tracking data—the main source of information for distributions in non-breeding seasons. Agreement could be reached, for the purposes of the present exercise, on appropriate analytical procedures to transform location data to density distributions, a crucial step in the visualisation, analysis and interpretation of data sets in combination. Preliminary results Indication of the nature and variation in range and distribution, for breeding birds, in relation to stage of breeding season, gender (sex) and year (i.e. interannual variation). Indication of differences in range and distribution of breeding birds from different colonies within the same population (island group). Indications of both similarities and differences in range and distribution of breeding birds from different populations of the same species. These syntheses at the species level, particularly for the two species (Wandering Albatross, Black-browed Albatross) with the most comprehensive data, provide compelling evidence of the insights that can be generated by applying common and consistent approaches to data from a variety of studies and sites. Regional syntheses providing preliminary indications of the potential (and challenges) for using data across a range of albatross and petrel species to identify areas of key habitat common to different species. Illustration of both similarities and differences in range and distribution of breeding and non-breeding birds at the same time of year. Illustration of the spectacular journeys and far-distant destinations (comprising migratory routes, staging areas and wintering ranges) of some species of albatross and petrel during the non-breeding season. All the foregoing represent very significant achievements, some indicating interesting aspects and avenues for future research, others identifying potential biases and concerns relating to analysis and interpretation of data, yet others revealing key gaps in our knowledge, nevertheless all indicating the potential of such data to address important questions relating to albatross and petrel ecology and conservation. 6.2 STRATEGIC AIMS AND APPLICATIONS 6.2.1 Definition of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and contribution to high seas Marine Protected Areas Despite the many difficulties identified and foreseen, there was unanimous recognition that tracking data for albatrosses and petrels will be essential contributors to attempts to identify areas of critical habitat from marine organisms and hotspots of biodiversity in coastal and pelagic marine ecosystems. The approaches developed in relation to characterising density distributions and to combining (weighting) these with estimates of source population size, while requiring further refinement, are likely to be fundamental elements that will come to be standard practice for these and other migratory pelagic marine taxa. The extent to which existing definitions of IBAs, developed for terrestrial species and systems, can be extended to marine contexts requires considerable further investigation (including as specified in Section 5.1), for which the albatross and petrel data are uniquely suited. Valuable though the IBA concept has been, concerns were raised that the levels of knowledge of distribution and abundance of marine taxa (especially threatened species) and the ways in which marine habitat protection has been developed so far, favour approaches which combine data from different groups of marine animals (e.g. fish, seabirds, marine mammals). Nevertheless, as the albatross and petrel data represent a uniquely coherent and comprehensive data set, covering large areas of marine habitat, they are especially suitable for further investigation, perhaps particularly in high seas contexts. 69
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TRACKING OCEAN WANDERERS The global
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vii Executive Summary x Resumen Eje
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ANTECEDENTES E INTRODUCCIÓN Las av
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2.5 METHOD FOR ANALYSING MIGRATION
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irds at risk from longline mortalit
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