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Again, perhaps one ought to advise caution in developing a metric based on subjective wellbeing for we cannot reliably aggregate preferences in this dimension any more than in any other. We might also ask what if there was no connection whatsoever but, as Clark and Senik point out, we would still wish to keep economic growth on the agenda or as we say in English, plus ça change... A summary We have been offered a very clear account by Clark and Senik of the current state of play in research on subjective well-being. The evidence suggests that the measurement of (some) indices of subjective well-being may well be useful. These measures are relatively easy to collect — and in parallel with measures of pecuniary well-being, offer us the ability to assess well-being in a broader fashion than we usually do. However, there is clearly much more to investigate — which will make the researchers very happy — and much to learn, which ought to make policymakers cautious. Perhaps we might go further and urge that we be cautious of policymakers too: Tim Harford recounts the story of Sir John Cowperthwaite, the financial secretary of Hong Kong in the 1960s who refused to let British civil servants collect economic statistics for he feared it would merely encourage them to meddle in Hong Kong's success. December 2011 / Measure for Measure / How Well Do We Measure Development? / © AFD [ 175]
References ATKINSON, T. (2005), “The Stability and Validity of Quality of Life Measures", Social Indicators Research Series, 26: 259-278. BECKER, G.S. (2008), “Comments on Stevenson and Wolfers", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring 2008: 88-102. CANTRIL, H. (1965), The Pattern of Human Concerns, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. CLARK, A. and C. SENIK (2010), “Does Economic Growth Raise Subjective Happiness in Developing Countries?", Paper for AFD-EUDN Conference, Paris 2010. DEATON, A. (2008), “Income, Aging, Health and Well-being Around the World: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22: 53-72. DERCON, S., P. KRISHNAN and S. KRUTIKOV (2010), “Risk-sharing and Migration in Rural India", Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxord, mimeo. EHRHARDT, J.J., W.E. SARIS and R. VEENHOVEN (2000), “Stability of Life-Satisfaction over Time”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(2): 177-205. FLEURBAEY, M., E. SCHOKKAERT and K. DECANCQ (2009), “What Good is Happiness?", CORE Discussion Papers 2009017, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics. HORLEY, J. and J.J. LAVERY (1991), “The Stability and Sensitivity of Subjective Well-Being Measures", Social Indicators Research Series, 24(2): 113-122. HOWELL, R.T. and C.J. HOWELL (2008), “The Relation of Economic Status to Subjective Well- Being in Developing Countries: A Meta-Analysis", Psychological Bulletin, 134: 536--560. KAHNEMAN, D. and A. DEATON (2010), “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-Being”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, September 21, 2010, 107(3). KRISHNAN, P. and S. KRUTIKOV (2010), “Skill Formation in Bombay's Slums", Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 1010, University of Cambridge. LAYARD, R. (2006), “Happiness and Public Policy: A Challenge to the Profession", The Economic Journal, 116( 510): C24-C33, March. MCMAHON, D.M. (2006), Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present, Allen Lane, London. MITRA, S., A. POSARAC and B. VICK (2011), “Disability and Poverty in Developing Countries: A Snapshot from the World Health Survey”, World Bank Social Policy Discussion Paper 1109. SACKS, D.W., B. STEVENSON and J. WOLFERS (2010), “Subjective Well-Being, Income, Economic Development and Growth", NBER Working Papers 16441, National Bureau of Economic Research. SEN, A. K. (1999), Development as Freedom, Knopf, New York. STEVENSON, B. and J. WOLFERS (2008), “Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox", NBER Working Papers 14282, National Bureau of Economic Research. [ 176] © AFD / Measure for Measure / How Well Do We Measure Development? / December 2011
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Measure for Measure How Well Do We
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[ Disclaimer] Publications Director
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Introduction François Bourguignon,
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The 2010 UNDP report on human devel
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1. Measuring Development: Different
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More data, better data and a broade
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•The PPPs are currently revised o
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1.1. More data, better data: benefi
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Organization undertakes the World P
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able through the DHS system, as wel
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1.2. The 2005 revision of the ICP a
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international dollars. The line is
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only thing that changes the counts
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Table Countries 1 15 reference coun
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y India and China, where about half
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This is because the PWT uses a Gear
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price level is the ratio of the pur
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meeting the demands of disease and
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In contrast to the calorie decline,
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1.3.4. Asking about not having mone
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Table 3 All countries Estimated num
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1.4. From many to one: single index
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expectancy and per capita income
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DEATON, A. (2008), “Income, healt
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STEVENSON, B. and J. WOLFERS (2008)
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2. Multidimensional Poverty and its
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dimensional Poverty Index. While th
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erty in most countries, but is sign
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The first methodology in Figure 7 e
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more completely their characteristi
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2.1.3. Unfolding M0 A relevant feat
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2.2. One particular application of
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Whenever the poverty cutoff k requi
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deprivation in child mortality and
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2.3. Research questions and debates
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Table Identification Method Union a
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There are three kinds of combinatio
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from different data sources; data f
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Because of its construction, analys
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2.4. Concluding remarks This paper
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ATKINSON, A.B. and F. BOURGUIGNON (
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ERIKSON, R. (1993), "Descriptions o
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RAWLS, J. (1971), A theory of justi
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Comment: Multidimensional Poverty a
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Data Already existing surveys provi
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Taking a longer historical view und
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3. Will GDP Growth Increase Subject
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political scientists. However, most
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instruments/instrument.php for a su
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• Life expectancy/income: “A pe
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clude that: “Overall, the average
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period. A similar graph appears in
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Mean life satisfaction Figure 11.C
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Figure 12 GDP, and the average and
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3.1.2. The diminishing returns to i
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3.1.3. “Rather than diminishing m
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3.1.4. Is the time-series correlati
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Figure The happiness trend in Mexic
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A note on statistical power The dis
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Page 128 and 129: Life Satisfaction Life Satisfaction
Page 130 and 131: Life Satisfaction 7.62 7.3 7.08 6.8
Page 132 and 133: insignificant in a well-being equat
Page 134 and 135: p.21). Whether the co-movements bet
Page 136 and 137: Mean happiness in survey (0-10 scal
Page 138 and 139: One important note that can be made
Page 140 and 141: well-being regressions in which bot
Page 142 and 143: and relative to the income they ear
Page 144 and 145: (2010), dummy variables for one’s
Page 146 and 147: 3.3.2 Adaptation Adaptation and the
Page 148 and 149: Knight and Gunatilaka (2009) is an
Page 150 and 151: Life expectancy at birth Infant mor
Page 152 and 153: Average number of children per woma
Page 154 and 155: Infant mortality per 1 ,000 live bi
Page 156 and 157: Trust 8 6 4 2 Evolution of trust We
Page 158 and 159: gradient across countries, if incom
Page 160 and 161: Table Last year Min. Max. Source Fi
Page 162 and 163: The income-happiness nexus: sources
Page 164 and 165: References AKAY, A. and P. MARTINSS
Page 166 and 167: COJOCARU, A. (2010), “On relative
Page 168 and 169: FREY, B.S. and A. STUTZER (2000),
Page 170 and 171: MCBRIDE, M. (2001), “Relative-inc
Page 172 and 173: Comment: Will GDP Growth Raise Well
Page 174 and 175: is relatively uncontroversial as an
Page 178: 4. “Sustainable Growth”: Do We
Page 181 and 182: ethical matter and needs to espouse
Page 183 and 184: Adjacently but independently of the
Page 185 and 186: 4.1. National income and social wel
Page 187 and 188: In 1970, William Nordhaus and James
Page 189 and 190: 4.2. The challenge of sustainabilit
Page 191 and 192: nerable to uncontrollable diverging
Page 193 and 194: The final goods and services genera
Page 195 and 196: Since the variation of total real n
Page 197 and 198: It is to be noted that the discount
Page 199 and 200: This difference is such that the di
Page 201 and 202: 4.4. Sustainable growth: measuring
Page 203 and 204: Human capital is embodied in people
Page 205 and 206: Box 3 The notations have already be
Page 207 and 208: 4.5. Sustainable growth: measuring
Page 209 and 210: the marginal utility of income and
Page 211 and 212: non-felling of trees. This non-use
Page 213 and 214: Box 4 Cost-benefit approach The fun
Page 215 and 216: With respect to the exogenous techn
Page 217 and 218: duced on the pollution permit marke
Page 219 and 220: paths. The social discount rate is
Page 221 and 222: should then be converted into econo
Page 223 and 224: References AGHION, P., D. HEMOUS an
Page 225 and 226: KRAVIS, I., A. HESTON and R. SUMMER
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Comment: “Sustainable Growth: Do
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sustainable policies. It seems very
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References SHALIZI, Z. and F. LECOC
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AFD Agence Française de Développe
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Authors’ Biographies
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een that of relative utility or com
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What is AFD ? Agence Française de
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