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A-Z 79 central ( compact vs diffuse). ( also articulatory phonetics, place of articulation, semivowel) approximative system interlanguage apraxia [Grk ‘non-action’] Neuropsychological term ( neuropsychology) referring to an impairment of the ability to execute movements willfully (i.e. on demand) in spite of the ability to move the respective body parts. In this condition, involuntary movements remain intact. Symptoms of this syndrome are found, for example, in articulation (verbal apraxia or apraxia of speech), in writing of letters of the alphabet (e.g. apraxic agraphia) or in gestures and mimicry (bucco-facial apraxia). Minor disturbances are often called dyspraxia. Apraxia, characterized by incon-sistent errors and variable substitutions, is distinguished from dysarthria. When occurring in childhood and interfering with language acquisition, apraxia may be called ‘developmental apraxia.’ ( also articulation disorder) References Brown, J.W. 1972. Aphasia, apraxia and agnosia. Springfield, IL. Darley, F., A.Aronson, and J.R.Brown. 1975. Motor speech disorders. Philadelphia. Hecaen, H. and M.Albert. 1978. Human neuropsychology. New York. Ryalls, J. (ed.) 1987. Phonetic approaches to speech production in aphasia and related disorders. Boston. aphasia, language disorder apraxic agraphia apraxia Arabic Largest Semitic language, spoken in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in the Middle East (approx. 150 million speakers); the cult language of Islam. A panregional form of Arabic exists which is broadly similar to the language of the Koran (Classical
Dictionary of language and linguistics 80 Arabic), as well as various regional dialects (main dialects: Egypt, West North Africa, Syria, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula; Maltese is strongly influenced by Italian). The term ‘Old South Arabian’ is used for the old independent languages in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. A unique alphabet developed from Aramaic (consonantal writing system with restricted ability to mark vowels) in two versions: the block letter Kūfī writing and the cursive form Nashī more often used. Characteristics: rich consonant system (including uvular, pharyngeal and laryngeal sounds) contrasting with a simple vowel system. For its morphology Semitic. Word order VSO; in the dialects often SVO. References Bloch, A.A. 1991. Studies in Arabic syntax and semantics, 2nd rev. printing. Wiesbaden. Eid, M. et al. (eds) 1990–4. Perspectives on Arabic linguistics, 6 vols. hitherto. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA. Fischer, W. and H.Gätje (eds) 1982. Grundriss der arabischen Philologie, vol. I: Sprachwissenschaft. Wiesbaden. Classical Arabic Fischer, W. 1987. Grammatik des Klassischen Arabisch, 2nd edn. Wiesbaden. Wright, W. 1955. A grammar of the Arabic language, 3rd edn, 2 vols. Cambridge. Modern Standard Arabic Cantarino, V. 1974–5. Syntax of Modern Arabic prose. Bloomington, IN and London. Holes, C. 1994. Modern Arabic. London. Stetkevych, J. 1970. The Modern Arabic literary language: lexical and stylistic developments. Chicago and London. Individual dialects Ahmed, M. 1992. Lehrbuch des Ägyptisch-Arabischen, 3rd rev. and enlarged edn. Wiesbaden. Aquilina, J. 1973. The structure of Maltese: A study in mixed grammar and vocabulary. Msida. Behnstedt, P. and M.Woidich. 1985–8. Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte, 3 vols. Wiesbaden. Blau, J. 1988. Studies in Middle Arabic and its Judaeo-Arabic variety. Leiden. Cowell, M.W. 1964. A short reference grammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington, DC. Erwin, W.M. 1963. A short reference grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, DC. Fischer, W. and O.Jastrow. 1980. Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Wiesbaden. Harrell, R.S. 1962. A short reference grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington, DC. Holes, C. 1989. Gulf Arabic. London. Mitchell, T.F. 1956. An introduction to colloquial Egyptian Arabic. London. Owens, J. 1984. A short reference grammar of Eastern Libyan Arabic. Wiesbaden. ——1993. A grammar of Nigerian Arabic. Wiesbaden.
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Dictionary of Language and Linguist
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The dictionary is based on: Hadumod
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ibliographies, and, in some cases,
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Directory of participants 1 Contrib
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Pertinent publications: Grammatisch
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Judith R.Johnston, Ph.D. Professor
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Ulrich J.Lüders, Imke Mendoza, Pet
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Abbreviations and symbols All rarel
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pointed bracket to the right: 1 ‘
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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PIE Proto-Indo-European Rum. Rumani
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List of abbreviations in the biblio
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JeP Journal of Experimental Psychol
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S&S Syntax and Semantics SAL Studie
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Kilani-Schoch, M. 1995. Syllable an
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indicated by the stem forms of the
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absolute superlative degree absolut
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Dictionary of language and linguist
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graphemics, writing Dictionary of l
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active voice Verbal voice which con
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language contact References adverb
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and suffixation (=attachment of the
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Page 71 and 72: formal logic Dictionary of language
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syntax 2 ( phrase structure), and s
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iphonemic classification polyphonem
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Bokmål Norwegian Boolean function
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‘Nothing will come of that’; as
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orrowing Dictionary of language and
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cardinal number [Lat. cardinalis
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Cassubian Kashubian Castillian Span
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empty coda is to be avoided. Both s
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word formation References collectiv
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2 Product of panregional leveling b
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comma [Grk kómma ‘that which is
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Reference Hobbs, J. and R.Moore (ed
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complement clause Subordinate claus
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complementation and modification (a
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Pavlov, J.P. 1929. Lectures on refl
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References meaning, semantics 2 (al
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higher constituent C, then A and B
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Soames, S. and D.M.Perlmutter. 1979
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content-based instruction The incor
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Thus Z.S.Harris defined his transfo
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counterfactual sentence Conditional
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cursive durative vs non-durative, i
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Bulgarian, Macedonian); for a numbe
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word formation Dictionary of langua
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meaning, semantics References denta
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writing Dictionary of language and
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Dinka Chari-Nile languages diphthon
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ambiguity References discontinuous
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Petöfi, J. (ed.) 1987. Text and di
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personal pronoun Dictionary of lang
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distributionalism Dictionary of lan
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phonetics Dictionary of language an
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tonology References downstep In ton
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Etymological dictionary Burrow, T.
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semiotics Dictionary of language an
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of interference between the languag
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Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1987. A bibliograp
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enumeration set epenthesis [Grk ‘
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epithesis [Grk ‘laying on’] Att
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equipollent opposition opposition e
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existential quantifier operator exo
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expiratory accent stress accent exp
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organon model of language Reference
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factivity factive predicate factori
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are binary, i.e. used in the contex
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fixed stress stress 2 FLAC content-
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folk etymology Process of word form
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language one’s own and of becomin
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present perfect and past vs past pe
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Ériu. Celtic Dictionary of languag
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image. According to Šaumjan, the g
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nominalization Dictionary of langua
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glossematics References glossograph
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eachten ‘regard’ (in contrast t
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deciphering of historical texts, as
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Manessy, G. 1979. Contribution à l
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is the noun bridge. This lexical it
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References Bolinger, D. 1972. Degre
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hiatus [Lat. ‘an opening, crevice
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homonymy, semantics Dictionary of l
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homophony [Grk ‘sound’] A type
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Bers, V. 1974. Enallage and Greek s
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imperfect [Lat. imperfectus ‘unfi
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implicit derivation derivation impl
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References semantic relations, sema
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semiotics References index field of
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Indo-Iranian Journal. Indo-Aryan, I
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inferential Type of construction th
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initiation airstream mechanism init
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instrumental 1 Morphological case,
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intensional logic Dictionary of lan
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orrowing, language contact Referenc
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interlinguistics References interli
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internal reconstruction reconstruct
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interrupted vs continuant Binary ph
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Dictionaries Bailey, H.W. 1979. Dic
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isomorphism [Grk ‘form, shape’]
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Bibliographies Schröder, H. 1991.
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Jukunoid Benue-Congo languages junc
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phonetics References labialization
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lamino-alveolar articulation lamino
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sense (also branch), it refers to l
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References Altmann, G. and W.Lehfel
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Laotian Cam-Thai Lapp Group of Ural
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Larzac Celtic lateral [Lat. lateral
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transformational grammar Dictionary
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aby, space glove) are produced acco
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Lezgian North-East Caucasian LFG Le
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orrowing References loan word 1 In
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writing Dictionary of language and
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Genette, G. 1980. Narrative discour
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References Bertensen, M. and J.Nimb
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media tenuis vs media median [Lat.
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Thompson, H.S. 1982. Handling metar
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phonology Dictionary of language an
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particle, sentence adverbial Dictio
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The formulation of modality is not
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Morse code alphabet 2 Mossi Gur mot
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murmuring (also breathy voice) In a
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Greek Dictionary of language and li
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narrative analysis References nasal
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competence vs performance, transfor
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word formation References nomen act
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Danish spoken by 20 per cent of the
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for which it is the case that {a, b
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obligatory vs optional [Lat. obliga
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Ob-Ugric Finno-Ugric obviative prox
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Oceanic Collective term for the lan
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Dictionaries Sadnik, L. and R.Aitze
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phonetics References onomasiology [
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optional obligatory vs optional ora
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Otomi Oto-Mangue oxymoron [Grk oxym
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palatalization of Lat. [k] in centu
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Ekmann, P. and W.V.Friesen. 1969. T
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case grammar Dictionary of language
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perfect 1 Term for a verbal categor
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work’). In English virtually all
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phatic act [Grk phátis ‘speech
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Phoenician Semitic phonation [Grk
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phonemic paraphasia aphasia, paraph
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phonogram phonography phonography 1
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phonological transcription A transc
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phonotagmeme Phonotactic unit ( eti
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phrase structure rules Phrase struc
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plexus [Lat. ‘intertwined’] Syn
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figure of speech Dictionary of lang
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prefixation Essential process of wo
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ased on descriptive linguistics, wh
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the fact that presuppositions of gr
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References Leech, G.N. 1971. Meanin
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Reference Katz, J.J. and J.A.Fodor.
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References Austin, J.L. 1950. Truth
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suprasegmental feature The study of
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psychological object focus psycholo
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quantifier raising raising quantita
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easoning argumentation received pro
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References Beaugrande, R.de 1980. T
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edundancy (also hypercharacterizati
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eflection theory In Marxist linguis
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language, syntactic-semantic relati
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elative pronoun Subgroup of pronoun
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Jefferson, G. 1984. On embedded and
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transformational grammar Dictionary
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Hall, R.A., Jr. 1974. External hist
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word formation References root comp
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California (p→q). Philip does not
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school grammar (also traditional gr
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References Leslau, W. 1969. Ethiopi
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semantic paradox semantic antinomy
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semeology semiology semi-affix [Lat
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language and cognition semi-prefix
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Kasher, A. 1976. Sentences and utte
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categorial grammar, the sentence ro
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constraints, island Dictionary of l
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For example: let A be the set of tr
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shibilant In analogy to sibilant, t
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Volterra, V. and C.J.Erting (eds) 1
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Journals International Journal of S
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Grammar Svane, G.O. 1958. Grammatik
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Somali Cushitic sonant [Lat. sonare
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phonetics Dictionary of language an
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sound physiology Articulatory phone
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speech synthesis The production of
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Schiffrin, D. 1987. Discourse marke
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STM (short-term memory) memory stoc
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triads: (a) sememe, lexeme, morphem
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stylistics overlaps here with its a
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substitution theory A text grammar
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Collinder, B. 1974. Svensk språkl
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symbol field of language In Bühler
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syncope [Grk ‘cutting off’] Los
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synonym [Grk ónyma ‘name’] In
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synsemantic field of language [Grk
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Etymological dictionary Pavanar, G.
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tagmemics Dictionary of language an
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token reflexive word deictic expres
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transformational rule transformatio
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table provides an overview of the m
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Slobin, D. and K.Zimmer (eds) 1986.
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Twi-Fante Kwa twin formula A term f
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Primus, B. 1994. Relational typolog
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utterance 1 The string of sounds or
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V vagueness Term that is complement
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Valencian Catalan valency valence v
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2 Sounds formed with the velaric ai
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verb of change transformative verb
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IndoEuropean languages, the nominat
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Reference Rosner, B.S. and J.B. Pic
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weakening Phonetically motivated pr
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wh-movement In transformational gra
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Y Yao Miao-Yao yes-no question Inte
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Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics - Developers

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