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A-Z 739 react as soon as the relevant item appears. It is assumed that the reaction time is shorter if the items preceding the target item are not complex in phonological or semantic structure. References Aitchison, J. 1987. Words in the mind: an introduction 10 the mental lexicon. Oxford. Altmann, G.T.M. (ed.) 1990. Cognitive models of speech processing. Cambridge, MA. Bresnan, J. (ed.) 1982. The mental representation of grammatical relations. Cambridge, MA. Dunbar, G. 1991. The cognitive lexicon. Tübingen. Emmorey, K.D. and V.A.Fromkin. 1988. The mental lexicon. In F.Newmeyer (ed.), Linguistics: the Cambridge survey. Cambridge. Vol. 3, 124–49. Fodor, J.A. 1978. Modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA. Forster, K.I. 1981. Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts in naming times: evidence for autonomous lexical processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33. 465–95. Halle, M, J.Bresnan. and G.A.Miller (eds) 1978. Linguistic theory and psychological reality. Cambridge, MA. Henderson, L. 1985. Towards a psychology of morphemes. In A.W.Ellis (ed.), Progress in the psychology of language. London. Vol. 1, 15–72. Johnson-Laird, P.N. 1983. Mental models. Cambridge, MA. Kintsch, W. 1974. The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale, NJ. Kohn, S.A. et al. 1987. Lexical retrieval: the tip of the tongue phenomenon. Applied Psycholinguistics 8. 245–66. Levelt, W.J.M. 1989. Speaking: from intention to articulation. Cambridge. Marslen-Wilson, W. 1987. Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition. Cognition 25. 71– 102. ——(ed.) 1989. Lexical representation and process. Cambridge, MA. Marslen-Wilson, W. and A.Welsh. 1978. Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology 10. 29–63. Martin, N., R.W.Weisberg, and E.M.Saffran. 1989. Variables influencing the occurrence of naming errors: implication for models of lexical retrieval. Journal of Memory and Language 28. 462– 85. Mehler, J. et al. 1982. Perspectives on mental representation. Hillsdale, NJ. language comprehension, language production mentalism Psychological and philosophical concept picked up and developed by Chomsky (1965) and modeled after Descartes’ and von Humboldt’s rationalism. Mentalism attempts to describe the internal (innate) language mechanism that provides the basis for the creative aspect of language development and use. In this program, Chomsky turns against the empirical approach of American structuralism (Bloomfield) and, especially, against Skinner’s behaviorist interpretation of language ( behaviorism), since both positions accept only immediately observable linguistic data as their object of investigation. By
Dictionary of language and linguistics 740 limiting the object of investigation to physically perceivable or physically measurable data, linguistic description is reduced to purely surface phenomena. Chomsky supports his mentalist concept in two ways: first, by assuming a grammar with an underlying deep structure; and second, with regard to language acquisition and the development of linguistic competence, by presupposing an inborn (universal) mechanism (‘device’) that provides a basis for language development (Cartesian linguistics). The following observations of child language acquisition speak against the antimentalist interpretation, namely, that the process of language learning can be explained solely as conditioning through drill or, according to the stimulus-response theory, through association and generalization: (a) the rapidity with which a child learns to command the grammar of his/her language in three to four years; (b) the complexity of the grammar to be learned; (c) the imperfect relationship between input (=the partially defective language data offered by the social milieu) and output (=the grammar derived from these data); (d) the uniformity of results in all languages; and (e) the process itself, which has little to do with an individual’s intelligence. These data can only be adequately explained by assuming an inborn language acquisition device, on the basis of which competence ( competence vs performance) develops through experience and the maturation of this basic inborn psychological structure ( nativism). In this sense, transformational grammar attempts to explain both the process of language acquisition and especially the creative aspect of language acquisition, that is, the ability of a competent speaker to produce a potentially infinite number of sentences. For a more detailed explanation and critique of Chomsky’s mentalist interpretation, see Putnam (1967). References Chomsky, N. 1959. Verbal behavior. (A discussion of B.F.Skinner, 1957.) Lg 35. 26–58. ——1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA. ——1968. Language and mind. New York. ——1975. Reflections on language. New York. Katz, J.J. 1964. Mentalism in linguistics. Lg 40. 124–37. ——1966. The philosophy of language. New York. Lenneberg, E.H. 1967. Biological foundation of language. New York. Matthews, P. 1990. Language as a mental faculty: Chomsky’s progress. In N.E.Collinge (ed.), An encyclopedia of language. London. 112–38. McNeill, D. 1966. Developmental psycholinguistics. In F.Smith and G.A.Miller (eds), The genesis of language. Cambridge, MA. 15–84. Putnam, H. 1967. The ‘innateness hypothesis’: an explanatory model in linguistics. Synthese 17. 12–22. Watt, W.C. 1974. Mentalism in linguistics. Glossa 8. 3–40. language acquisition, psycholinguistics
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Dictionary of Language and Linguist
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The dictionary is based on: Hadumod
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ibliographies, and, in some cases,
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Directory of participants 1 Contrib
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Pertinent publications: Grammatisch
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Judith R.Johnston, Ph.D. Professor
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Ulrich J.Lüders, Imke Mendoza, Pet
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Abbreviations and symbols All rarel
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pointed bracket to the right: 1 ‘
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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PIE Proto-Indo-European Rum. Rumani
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List of abbreviations in the biblio
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JeP Journal of Experimental Psychol
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S&S Syntax and Semantics SAL Studie
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Kilani-Schoch, M. 1995. Syllable an
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indicated by the stem forms of the
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absolute superlative degree absolut
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Dictionary of language and linguist
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graphemics, writing Dictionary of l
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active voice Verbal voice which con
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language contact References adverb
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and suffixation (=attachment of the
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case grammar. ergative, subject, vo
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AI artificial intelligence Ainu Lan
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Aktionsart (also manner of action)
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formal logic Dictionary of language
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phonology References alloseme [Grk
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alternation Regular synchronic soun
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the so-called absolute nominative,
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forms of communication, body langua
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antonymy [Grk antí- ‘against,’
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aphonia [Grk ‘sound, voice’] In
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apodosis protasis vs apodosis apoko
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efore the noun and can only be move
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aspects model (also aspects theory,
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components are studied in auditory
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composition References Baltic Branc
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Guthrie, M. 1967-71. Comparative Ba
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affix)—and are, as a rule, stress
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Saltarelli, M. 1988. Basque. London
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syntax 2 ( phrase structure), and s
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iphonemic classification polyphonem
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Bokmål Norwegian Boolean function
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‘Nothing will come of that’; as
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orrowing Dictionary of language and
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cardinal number [Lat. cardinalis
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Cassubian Kashubian Castillian Span
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empty coda is to be avoided. Both s
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word formation References collectiv
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2 Product of panregional leveling b
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comma [Grk kómma ‘that which is
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Reference Hobbs, J. and R.Moore (ed
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complement clause Subordinate claus
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complementation and modification (a
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Pavlov, J.P. 1929. Lectures on refl
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References meaning, semantics 2 (al
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higher constituent C, then A and B
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Soames, S. and D.M.Perlmutter. 1979
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content-based instruction The incor
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Thus Z.S.Harris defined his transfo
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counterfactual sentence Conditional
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cursive durative vs non-durative, i
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Bulgarian, Macedonian); for a numbe
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word formation Dictionary of langua
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meaning, semantics References denta
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writing Dictionary of language and
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Dinka Chari-Nile languages diphthon
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ambiguity References discontinuous
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Petöfi, J. (ed.) 1987. Text and di
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personal pronoun Dictionary of lang
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distributionalism Dictionary of lan
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phonetics Dictionary of language an
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tonology References downstep In ton
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Etymological dictionary Burrow, T.
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semiotics Dictionary of language an
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of interference between the languag
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Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1987. A bibliograp
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enumeration set epenthesis [Grk ‘
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epithesis [Grk ‘laying on’] Att
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equipollent opposition opposition e
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existential quantifier operator exo
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expiratory accent stress accent exp
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organon model of language Reference
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factivity factive predicate factori
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are binary, i.e. used in the contex
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fixed stress stress 2 FLAC content-
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folk etymology Process of word form
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language one’s own and of becomin
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present perfect and past vs past pe
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Ériu. Celtic Dictionary of languag
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image. According to Šaumjan, the g
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nominalization Dictionary of langua
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glossematics References glossograph
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eachten ‘regard’ (in contrast t
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deciphering of historical texts, as
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Manessy, G. 1979. Contribution à l
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is the noun bridge. This lexical it
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References Bolinger, D. 1972. Degre
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hiatus [Lat. ‘an opening, crevice
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homonymy, semantics Dictionary of l
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homophony [Grk ‘sound’] A type
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Bers, V. 1974. Enallage and Greek s
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imperfect [Lat. imperfectus ‘unfi
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implicit derivation derivation impl
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References semantic relations, sema
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semiotics References index field of
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Indo-Iranian Journal. Indo-Aryan, I
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inferential Type of construction th
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initiation airstream mechanism init
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instrumental 1 Morphological case,
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intensional logic Dictionary of lan
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orrowing, language contact Referenc
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interlinguistics References interli
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internal reconstruction reconstruct
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interrupted vs continuant Binary ph
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Dictionaries Bailey, H.W. 1979. Dic
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isomorphism [Grk ‘form, shape’]
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Bibliographies Schröder, H. 1991.
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Jukunoid Benue-Congo languages junc
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phonetics References labialization
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lamino-alveolar articulation lamino
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sense (also branch), it refers to l
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References Altmann, G. and W.Lehfel
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Laotian Cam-Thai Lapp Group of Ural
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Larzac Celtic lateral [Lat. lateral
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transformational grammar Dictionary
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aby, space glove) are produced acco
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Lezgian North-East Caucasian LFG Le
Page 719 and 720: Dictionary of language and linguist
Page 733 and 734: orrowing References loan word 1 In
Page 739 and 740: writing Dictionary of language and
Page 747 and 748: Genette, G. 1980. Narrative discour
Page 753 and 754: References Bertensen, M. and J.Nimb
Page 767 and 768: media tenuis vs media median [Lat.
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Page 777 and 778: Thompson, H.S. 1982. Handling metar
Page 781 and 782: phonology Dictionary of language an
Page 783 and 784: particle, sentence adverbial Dictio
Page 797 and 798: The formulation of modality is not
Page 805 and 806: Morse code alphabet 2 Mossi Gur mot
Page 809 and 810: murmuring (also breathy voice) In a
Page 811 and 812: Greek Dictionary of language and li
Page 815 and 816: narrative analysis References nasal
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word formation References nomen act
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Danish spoken by 20 per cent of the
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for which it is the case that {a, b
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obligatory vs optional [Lat. obliga
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Ob-Ugric Finno-Ugric obviative prox
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Oceanic Collective term for the lan
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Dictionaries Sadnik, L. and R.Aitze
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phonetics References onomasiology [
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optional obligatory vs optional ora
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Otomi Oto-Mangue oxymoron [Grk oxym
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palatalization of Lat. [k] in centu
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Ekmann, P. and W.V.Friesen. 1969. T
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case grammar Dictionary of language
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perfect 1 Term for a verbal categor
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work’). In English virtually all
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phatic act [Grk phátis ‘speech
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Phoenician Semitic phonation [Grk
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phonemic paraphasia aphasia, paraph
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phonogram phonography phonography 1
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phonological transcription A transc
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phonotagmeme Phonotactic unit ( eti
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phrase structure rules Phrase struc
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plexus [Lat. ‘intertwined’] Syn
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figure of speech Dictionary of lang
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prefixation Essential process of wo
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ased on descriptive linguistics, wh
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the fact that presuppositions of gr
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References Leech, G.N. 1971. Meanin
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Reference Katz, J.J. and J.A.Fodor.
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References Austin, J.L. 1950. Truth
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suprasegmental feature The study of
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psychological object focus psycholo
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quantifier raising raising quantita
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easoning argumentation received pro
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References Beaugrande, R.de 1980. T
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edundancy (also hypercharacterizati
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eflection theory In Marxist linguis
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language, syntactic-semantic relati
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elative pronoun Subgroup of pronoun
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Jefferson, G. 1984. On embedded and
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transformational grammar Dictionary
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Hall, R.A., Jr. 1974. External hist
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word formation References root comp
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California (p→q). Philip does not
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school grammar (also traditional gr
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References Leslau, W. 1969. Ethiopi
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semantic paradox semantic antinomy
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semeology semiology semi-affix [Lat
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language and cognition semi-prefix
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Kasher, A. 1976. Sentences and utte
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categorial grammar, the sentence ro
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constraints, island Dictionary of l
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For example: let A be the set of tr
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shibilant In analogy to sibilant, t
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Volterra, V. and C.J.Erting (eds) 1
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Journals International Journal of S
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Grammar Svane, G.O. 1958. Grammatik
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Somali Cushitic sonant [Lat. sonare
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phonetics Dictionary of language an
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sound physiology Articulatory phone
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speech synthesis The production of
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Schiffrin, D. 1987. Discourse marke
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STM (short-term memory) memory stoc
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triads: (a) sememe, lexeme, morphem
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stylistics overlaps here with its a
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substitution theory A text grammar
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Collinder, B. 1974. Svensk språkl
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symbol field of language In Bühler
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syncope [Grk ‘cutting off’] Los
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synonym [Grk ónyma ‘name’] In
Page 1197 and 1198:
synsemantic field of language [Grk
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Etymological dictionary Pavanar, G.
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tagmemics Dictionary of language an
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token reflexive word deictic expres
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transformational rule transformatio
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table provides an overview of the m
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Slobin, D. and K.Zimmer (eds) 1986.
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Twi-Fante Kwa twin formula A term f
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Primus, B. 1994. Relational typolog
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utterance 1 The string of sounds or
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V vagueness Term that is complement
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Valencian Catalan valency valence v
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2 Sounds formed with the velaric ai
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verb of change transformative verb
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IndoEuropean languages, the nominat
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Reference Rosner, B.S. and J.B. Pic
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weakening Phonetically motivated pr
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wh-movement In transformational gra
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Y Yao Miao-Yao yes-no question Inte
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Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics - Developers

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