Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics - Developers

Loukotka, Č. 1968. Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles, CA.
Sebeok, T.A. 1977. Native languages of the Americas. New York.
Suarez, B. 1974. South American Indian Languages. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 792–9.
South Caucasian (also Kartvelian)
Branch of Caucasian in the southern Caucasus with four languages: Mingrelian, Laz,
Svan, and the largest language Georgian.
References
Deeters, G. 1930. Das khartwelische Verbum, vergleichende Darstellung des Verbalbaus der südkaukasischen
Sprachen. Leipzig.
Harris, A.C. 1985. Diachronic syntax: the Kartvelian case. Orlando, FL.
——(ed.) 1991. The indigenous languages of the Caucasus, vol. I: The Kartvelian languages.
Delmar, NY.
Schmidt, K.H. 1962. Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der südkaukasischen
Grundsprache. Wiesbaden.
Bedi Kartlisa.
A-Z 1101
Journal
Spanish
A Romance language belonging to the Indo-European family which is spoken by
approx. 300 million speakers in Spain, Central and South America, the Canary Islands,
the United States, and other countries. The basis for the standard language is the Castilian
dialect, which developed from the variety of Vulgar Latin spoken in Spain during the
time of the Roman Empire. Castilian Spanish was spoken only in the northern Cantabrian
provinces until the Arabs were expelled from Spain during the ‘reconquista.’ Some
characteristic features of Castilian Spanish include the development of [f] to [h] (possibly
due to a Basque substratum), the change of [kt] to [t∫] (Lat. factum >Sp. hecho ‘done’) as
well as the introduction of the phoneme /x/ (Lat. filius>Sp. hijo [ixo] ‘son’). The standard
language has a so-called ‘prepositional accusative’ for persons (Veo a Felipe ‘I see
Felipe,’ but Veo et libro ‘I see the book’); the lexicon contains numerous Arabic
elements. The dialect structure of central and southern Spain (Andalucia) became
increasingly leveled due to the influence of Castilian Spanish, while the northern regions