Organized Crime In The New Millennium

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Organized Crime: An Evolving Challenge for U.S. Law Enforcement million from U.S. victims in 2005 and 2006. The network posted fraudulent advertisements on eBay and used a ruse dubbed “eBay Secure Traders” to bilk people out of cash that was wired directly into Eastern European bank accounts. 73 In another case from April 2010, Romanian law enforcement, the FBI, and USSS cooperated in the dismantling an alleged eBay fraud ring that purportedly involved 70 individuals from what have been described in media sources as three different organized cybercrime groups. According to news reports, the scheme included hijacking the eBay accounts of legitimate consumers and then using the hijacked accounts to stage fake sales of non-existent merchandise on eBay. Fraudsters purportedly scammed bidders from Spain, Italy, France, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Austria, Canada, Switzerland, and the United States, generating $1 million in profits since 2006. 74 Eurasian criminals in California are engaging in identity theft in which they leverage technological savvy, old-school organized crime strategies, and Internet connectivity to reap thousands of dollars in profits. In 2009 in the city of Redondo Beach in Southern California, Armenian or Russian criminals allegedly targeted a gas station with an Armenian owner (exploiting their own ethnic group). They placed one of their crew members as an employee at the station, where he implanted high-tech skimming devices at gas pumps to steal customer credit card information, victimizing more than 1,000 individuals, including Redondo Beach police officers. The employee quit work and the group made off with more than $300,000 from people’s accounts. 75 Another case, this time in the Las Vegas area in 2008, involved an alleged Armenian criminal group that reportedly skimmed more than 1,000 credit and debit cards using insiders at restaurants, bars, and smoke shops. In some instances, the crew manufactured its own cards using stolen information. 76 Losses approached $1.5 million. 77 In 2009, Las Vegas authorities also uncovered a skimming scheme complete with a credit card manufacturing lab. 78 This crew used skimmers that captured information from magnetic strips on credit cards as well as pin numbers using a camera. 79 73 Department of Justice, “Foreign National Pleads Guilty for Role in International Money Laundering Scheme Involving More than $1.4 Million in Losses to Victims,” press release, May 13, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ 2010/May/10-crm-568.html. 74 Angela Moscaritolo, “Romanian Police, FBI Break Up 70-Strong eBay Fraud Ring,” SC Magazine, April 7, 2010, http://www.scmagazineus.com/romanian-police-fbi-break-up-70-strong-ebay-fraud-ring/article/167554/. 75 Paul Teetor, “Russian or Armenian Mob Used ‘Model Employee’ Con at PCH Arco,” LA Weekly, June 18, 2009. 76 Lawrence Mower, “ID Theft Operation Outlined,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, December 8, 2008. 77 “Eurasian Organized Crime Task Force Members Arrest 12 Individuals Following Federal Credit Card Fraud and Identity Theft Charges,” States News Service, December 9, 2008. See also: Department of Justice, “Men Sentenced for Credit Card Fraud Conspiracy,” press release, June 10, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nv/press/june2011/ palikyan06102011.htm. 78 “Three Arrested in Credit Card Forgery Ring,” KTNV ABC, March 26, 2009. 79 “18 Month Credit Card Fraud Ring Leads to Three Arrests,” KTNV ABC, March 25, 2009. Additionally, in February 2011, DOJ announced an indictment charging 29 defendants tied to an organized crime group called “Armenian Power” or “AP.” DOJ noted “Among the conspiracies charged in the racketeering indictment is a bank fraud and counterfeit credit card scheme that victimized hundreds of customers of 99 Cents Only Stores throughout Southern California. AP members allegedly caused more than $2 million in losses when they secretly installed sophisticated ‘skimming’ devices to steal customer account information at cash registers and then used the skimmed information to create counterfeit debit and credit cards.” See Department of Justice, “Armenian Power Organized Crime Group Targeted in Federal Indictments That Allege Racketeering Offenses, Including Bank Fraud Schemes, Kidnappings, and Drug Trafficking,” press release, February 16, 2011, http://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2011/la021611.htm. For another case involving skimming, see Department of Justice, “Rancho Cordova Man Arrested for Identity Theft and Trafficking in Counterfeit Credit Card Information,” press release, April 21, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/usao/ cae/news/docs/2011/04-21-11AvagyanIndictment.html. Congressional Research Service 14
Organized Crime: An Evolving Challenge for U.S. Law Enforcement In March 2010, Albert Gonzalez, the leader of the largest identity theft and retail hacking ring prosecuted by the United States, was sentenced to 20 years in prison. 80 Through “wardriving”—a technique in which individuals drive around in a car with a laptop computer and search for unsecured wireless networks—the ring hacked into credit card payment systems at retailers including TJX Companies, BJ’s Wholesale Club, OfficeMax, Boston Market, Barnes & Noble and Sports Authority, and stole more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers. Gonzalez also provided malware to hackers to aid them in evading anti-virus programs and firewalls in order to access companies’ networks and payment systems. The conspirators, located in the United States, Ukraine, and Estonia, laundered their illicit proceeds through banks in Eastern Europe. Organized Retail Crime and Online Fencing While not necessarily viewed as “organized crime” by U.S. law enforcement agencies, as its name implies organized retail crime (ORC), or organized retail theft, bears some of the hallmarks of organized criminal activity. ORC typically refers to large-scale retail theft and fraud by organized groups of professional shoplifters, or “boosters.” 81 ORC involves a host of retail crimes ranging from retail, manufacturing, distribution, and cargo theft to gift card fraud, receipt fraud, and ticket switching. 82 The organized crime rings resell illegally acquired merchandise in a variety of fencing operations such as flea markets, swap meets, pawn shops, and, more recently, online marketplaces. Most stolen merchandise is sold to a low-level fence, commonly called a “street fence.” Street fences will either sell these goods directly to the public or will sell the merchandise to mid-level fences who run “cleaning operations” that remove security tags and store labels as well as repackage stolen goods so they appear as though they came directly from the manufacturer. This “cleaning” may even involve changing the expiration date on perishable goods such as over-the-counter medication and infant formula. Globalization and technological innovation have allowed more and more transactions to take place online rather than face-to-face. This holds true for retail crime, where thieves have turned to “e-fencing”—using the Internet and online marketplaces as means to fence ill-gotten goods. 83 This has increased criminals’ anonymity, global reach, and profitability. Online markets allow criminals to easily distribute stolen goods across the nation and around the globe. E-fencing has also proven to be more profitable to criminals than has fencing at physical locations. While criminals may profit about 30 cents on the dollar (30% of the retail price) by selling goods at physical fencing locations, they can make about 70 cents on the dollar via e-fencing. 84 A criminal network based in Baltimore serves as an example of an operation that integrated traditional as well as more technologically advanced fencing techniques. As of September 2010, 80 Department of Justice, “Leader of Hacking Ring Sentenced for Massive Identity Thefts from Payment Processor and U.S. Retail Networks,” press release, March 26, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/March/10-crm-329.html. 81 A “booster” is someone who steals merchandise and then sells it to a fence for a profit. A “fence” is someone who knowingly buys illegally obtained goods from a booster and then sells the goods for a profit. For more information on ORC, see CRS Report R41118, Organized Retail Crime, by Kristin M. Finklea. 82 Ticket switching involves means by which criminals alter the UPC bar codes on merchandise so that the items ring up differently–significantly below the original price–at check-out. 83 King Rogers, “Organized Retail Theft,” in Retail Crime, Security, and Loss Prevention: An Encyclopedic Reference, ed. Charles A. Sennewald and John H. Christman (Elseiver Inc., 2008). 84 National Retail Federation, 2009 Organized Retail Crime Survey, 2009, p. 8. Congressional Research Service 15
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The e-Advocate Monthly …a Compend
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Walk by Faith; Serve with Abandon E
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The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. Helpi
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Dedication ______ Every publication
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The Transformative Justice Project
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1. The national average cost to tax
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The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. Helpi
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And God spoke all these words: Bibl
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and drank with him, and David made
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Table of Contents …a compilation
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I. Introduction Organized Crime In
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Bureaucratic/ Corporate Operations
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Research has focused on whether the
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theft, bank robbery, burglary, jewe
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gain, there is also non-traditional
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Money laundering is a three-stage p
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transactions, or to transmit the pr
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"the first attack on critical indus
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Illegal Immigration and People Smug
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criminal world" or "the Napoleon of
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powerful but they "were part of a h
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willing to use illegal violence and
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equipment and finances. In the Unit
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This theory also developed to inclu
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ehavior produces stability, increas
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Bank Secrecy Act 1970 Organized Cr
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Relationship to Other Types of Crim
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that span the spectrum of illegalit
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II. Arms Trafficking Arms Trafficki
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would give guns to Taylor, who woul
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Making a Killing: Inside the Intern
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III. Bribery Bribery is the act of
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active bribery can be defined for i
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or in anticipation of favorable pol
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Additionally, bribes may be offered
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Andrew J. Hinshaw, Republican, form
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IV. Cybercrime Cybercrime, or compu
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Cyber-Extortion Cyber-extortion occ
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Phishing is mostly propagated via e
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A hacking group called MOD (Masters
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Israeli-weapons companies meddling
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Penalties Penalties for computer-re
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V. Drug Trafficking The Illegal Dru
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kilogram (2.2 lb) of cannabis into
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and Ghana). The money is often laun
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made in the 1990s working closely w
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cocaine in the United States was im
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PRI had solidified. This arrangemen
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as marijuana, poppy, opium and hero
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of society. Additionally, there was
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€30-70, making the effective valu
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Temazepam, a strong hypnotic benzod
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VI. Embezzlement Embezzlement is th
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assets. The persons entrusted with
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manager would remove the profit and
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VII. Extortion Extortion (also call
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statements about the company and in
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VIII. Fencing Stolen Goods A fence,
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There are a number of different typ
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need (when convenient), and then ac
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The Governess embodies female socia
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IX. Fraud In law, fraud is delibera
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In addition to the penalties outlin
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Pacific Asia China Zhang Yingyu's s
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England, Wales, and Northern Irelan
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methods Nigrini's wider goal is the
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X. Identity Theft Identity theft is
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Identity Cloning and Concealment In
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ecause they do not have any informa
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Exploiting breaches that result in
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10. Receiving notification from you
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conclusions of this study revealed
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Interpol maintains a database of 40
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(1) If any person by any deceit (wh
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Legally, Sweden is an open society.
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U.S. residents age 16 or older, rep
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In the United Kingdom, the Home Off
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XI. Kidnapping In criminal law, kid
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United Kingdom Kidnapping is an off
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eligious divorces to their wives. T
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XII. Loan Sharking A loan shark is
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these were only ever imposed if the
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World War II because the usury rate
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Loan Sharks In Ireland The Central
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XIII. Money Laundering Money Launde
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Definition Placing "dirty" money in
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Other gambling: Money is spent on g
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such as Aruba, meanwhile, remain th
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globally laundered every year. The
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The problem of such fraudulent enca
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the battle against terrorism or the
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3. Promoting the adoption and imple
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to deprive persons of the proceeds
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Canada In 1991, the Proceeds of Cri
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had set a 26 June 2017 deadline for
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Thailand United Kingdom Money laund
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More than 200,000 reports of suspec
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investigators, as well as other FIU
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people; of this, approximately 800
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governments such as Iran. The money
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XIV. Murder Murder is the unlawful
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authorizes a permissive inference o
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jurisdictions have codified their c
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Space jurisdiction is similar to th
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Postpartum Depression Postpartum de
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In the United States and Canada, th
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In many such societies the redress
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were female. For women in the US, h
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The specific factors driving this d
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XV. Prostitution Prostitution is th
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streetwalker solicits customers on
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History Ancient Near East In the An
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Japan became illegal, where women w
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16th-17th Centuries By the end of t
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Soviet Union led to increased prost
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popular, high-end prostitutes can e
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societal order. These feminists arg
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Socio-Economic Issues Illegal Immig
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Prostitution may sometimes be assoc
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Types Street In street prostitution
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As opposed to regular sex tourism,
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ases in the Philippines. The notori
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XVI. Racketeering A Racket is an or
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Dog fighting, cockfighting, and bul
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XVII. Terrorism Terrorism is, in th
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operations of groups such as the Re
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unjustifiable, whatever the conside
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when "a nation or community faces t
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The term "terrorism" itself was ori
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the fleeing felon who takes hostage
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international attention to struggle
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e an exception to this general rule
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"Lost Tribes of Israel" and many co
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State Terrorism Civilization is bas
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Other major sources of funding incl
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success on the Middle East battlefi
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Another researcher, Audrey Cronin,
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XVIII. Theft In common usage, Theft
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taken or converted in a way that de
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o o Part 1 prohibits robbery (Dutch
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Aggravating circumstances (10 to 20
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Electricity Electricity cannot be s
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Stolen Goods For the purposes of th
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There are a number of criminal stat
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New York Grand larceny consists of
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Mens Rea Victoria Intention to perm
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XIX. Witness Tampering and Intimida
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Intimidation Intimidation (also cal
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Several states have a crime called
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XX. Transnational Crime Transnation
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legal assistance requests directly
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XXI. Criminal Enterprises, Gangs an
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Los Zetas o Guatemala branch (defun
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Dixie Mafia o Cornbread Mafia o Sta
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Milwaukee crime family New Orleans
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Boston o Mullen Gang o Winter Hill
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Italian Organized Crime Organized c
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Bestwood Cartel Balkan Organized Cr
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Ukrainian mafia o Donetsk Clan o Sa
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Yamaguchi-gumi o Goto-gumi 後藤
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o o o o o • Rajan gang राज
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Jamaican Yardies & Posses o Shower
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o o o o o o o o o o o o o Jesse Jam
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Page 341 and 342: Attachment A Biblical Atonement and
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Page 361 and 362: Attachment B Organized Crime: An Ev
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Page 407 and 408: FACTS Transnational Organized Crime
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Vol. V 2019 XVII Russia Q-1 2019 XV
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The e-Advocate Newsletter Genesis o
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Extras The Nonprofit Advisors Group
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About The Author John C (Jack) John
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Organized Crime In The New Millennium

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